Electronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay - 1401 Words

Electronic Medical Record Introduction The introduction of computers has allowed the medical community to rapidly change the way they practice. Healthcare providers are no longer using paper records but have instead opted to utilize an electronic medical Record (EMR). While not all offices and hospitals have switched to an EMR it is becoming more standard to be a routine part of healthcare. Now patients can even view their health care records on the cellphones. Providers can access a patient’s health records at home and no longer be stuck in the office. EMR’s changed healthcare greatly, did it change for the better? Positive Effects of EMR More accurate record keeping. Perhaps the most positive change related to the creation of EMR is more accurate records. Everything about a person’s health is kept in one place. Their allergies, immunizations, medications can all be accessible at the push of the button. This means from one visit to the next it can be easy to track someone’s weight or to know when their last mammogram was. Keeping a list of a patient’s medication that is constantly being updated at every visit helps both patient and provider. A patient can easily view their medical records to see what changes were made during an office visit. A provider can quickly review medications even if a patient is unable to remember all their prescribed medications. These records are updated with every visit. Previously a provider may have documented by hand, which is notShow MoreRelatedElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1245 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic medical records (EMR) Introduction For centuries, paper-based records were the only way of communicating patient’s medical records throughout the health care system. Gradually, for the past two decades, the healthcare system has been transitioning toward computerized systems called electronic medical records better knowns as EMR. Dr. Clem McDonald from the Regenstrief Institute stated that his â€Å"goal was to solve three problems, to eliminate the logistical problems of the paper recordsRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )952 Words   |  4 Pagespatient records available throughout a health care network (ahrq.gov 2006). To the point that congress in 2009 put aside billions of dollars from the stimulus package, to create incentives for meaningful use of Health Information Technology (HIT) to physicians or health organizations. Nonetheless, despite the bright future and potential benefits of HIT some conflicts still rise about its complete adaptation and success in the future. Mainly to those particul ar HITs, Electronic Medical Records (EMR), PersonalRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1688 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment pushed for the automation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR), hospitals and private practices were required to follow the government mandate to avail of the incentives and at the same time to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Moving from paper to electronic records was a monumental tasks not only in the implementation of the software but also in training all hospital providers to properly use the EMR. In 2010, the University of Maryland Medical System (UMMS) decided to switchRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1810 Words   |  8 Pages Data Errors in Electronic Medical Records Amanda Baksh Nursing 232 Professor Virgona May 19,2015 An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a digital account of a paper chart in a health facility. It comprises of a systematic collection of treatment and medical account of the individual patients in one practice. An EMR permits a medical officer to keep track of data over time, simply recognize which patients are in line for for preventative screenings, look how patients are faring on particularRead MoreElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1322 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Technology plays a vital role on the overall productivity of a medical practice. Electronic medical records (EMR) are commonly used by both large and small practices. They offer practices an efficient mean of storing patient data; furthermore, the government offer incentives for meaningful use of electronic medical records. Generally when it comes to implementing an EMR, it is necessary to choose the right vendor. EMRs usually fall into three vendor systems: single-vendor, best-of-breed, andRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesAn electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of the paper based medical record for an individual. An electronic medical record contains the standard medical and clinical data gathered in one provider’s office. Electronic health record goes beyond the data collected in the provider’s office and includes a more inclusive patient history. This system is intended to store data that accurately captures the state of a patient across time. One reason why health care organizations have beenRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1685 Words   |  7 Pages An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of the paper based medical record for an individual. An electronic medical record contains the standard medical and clinical data gathered in one provider’s office. Electronic health record goes beyond the data collected in the provider’s office and includes a more inclusive patient history. This system is intended to store data that accurately captures the state of a patient across time. One reason why health care organizations have beenRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. In 2008, ONC decided on terms used to identify patient’s records. Within the clinical information system, there are three different types of patient records being used. Electronic medical record (EMR) is used primarily in hospitals and is a way for staff to digitally record patient information. This information details the care the patient received at the healthcare facility. A patient can have several EMRs from different offices. Those that meet national standards can integrateRead MoreThe Electronic Medical Record ( Emr )1626 Words   |  7 PagesMeaningful Use and its Development The electronic medical record (EMR) is the replacement of paper manual charts and is being used all across the country. As per Hebda and Czar (2013), the EMR is the â€Å"building block† of the electronic health record (EHR), which can be defined as â€Å"a longitudinal record that includes client data, demographics, clinician notes, medications, diagnostic findings, and other essential healthcare information† (p.293). The widespread use of EHR’s in America is foreseeableRead MoreThe Electronic Medical Record ( Emr )2104 Words   |  9 Pagesto the Providence Leadership team. One area that has been worked on is the use of technology to ease the caregiver’s way. This has been implemented by the use of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). The reason this has eased the way not only for patients but for caregivers is because it has allowed them to see a patient’s records in one place instead of having to dig for information. Having all of this info rmation at their fingertips has allowed for the caregiver to focus on the patient more and

Censorship of Dancehall Music Free Essays

Music is the free expression of the ideas, emotions and way of life of a people in such a way that it appeals to our senses, thus making it enjoyable. But when this expression becomes offensive in the sense that the ideas conveyed are considered socially unacceptable, then it is no longer allowed its reigns of liberty. When this happens courses of action are taken by those deemed responsible, to protect what is in their eyes, the true virtue of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Censorship of Dancehall Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now The group of people responsible is the Broadcasting Commission, and the questionable course of action they have chosen is to censor the only genre of Jamaican music that not only gives our music an edge, but that also provides a pellucid look into the way of life of people in the inner city and the struggles they endure due to poverty, the controversial, yet popular, Dancehall Music. Music censorship is the suppression of musical material considered to be objectionable, harmful or inconvenient to either the government or various media organizations as determined by a censor. Censorship is present in two main forms; partial and total censorship. Partial censorship, when utilized, edits the parts or lyrics of a song or album seen as offensive. After editing, one now has what is known as the clean version of the song. Complete censorship, however, includes total omission of the song from airplay.But why is this done? Is the Broadcasting Commission genuinely interested in protecting and preserving society’s values, or is there a hidden agenda to slowly collapse a significant part of our musical culture on the premise of improving it? However, if their intentions are true, one has to agree with partial censorship since the content of some songs is too explicit and offensive to be appropriate, but total censorship is too drastic. Every human has the guaranteed r ight to freely express his or her ideas. Total censorship would be like a knife cutting the cord of self expression. This creates a suppressed feeling in the individual or musician, leading to frustration, and in the end anger rears its head. As a result of this stifling of ideas, the artists and their fans become rebellious, so instead of appreciating authority, the reject it vehemently. They soon require another outlet to vent their feelings and ideas, and this outlet will most likely be a violent one. So instead of protecting society, those in control are unknowingly laying a role in its gradual disintegration. It is difficult to comprehend why Dancehall is being censored now while such extreme measures were not being taken in the past. Thus said, because Dancehall has not undergone any significant change for it to now be considered toxic. Dancehall music emerged in the late 1970s and 80s. This era was dominated by Roots Reggae music, where the main focus was on political and social oppression, so when Dancehall arrived it provided a breath of fresh air to the music industry.Instead of focusing on oppression, Dancehall took on a liberal approach by highlighting the changes occurring socially and politically. For example, the replacement of Michael Manley’s PNP government with Edward Seaga’s JLP party was thoroughly mentioned in its music. Instead of adopting the meditative undertones of Roots Reggae, that exist solely to contemplate or muse on the problems in society, Dancehall was more active since it expressed opinions of the artists and the people to what in their eyes is justifiable.The content of Dancehall music did not linger on social problems. It shed light into the lives of Jamaican people. Normal lives that included love, sex, violence, dancing and so on. These aspects are described accurately, to the point where they are considered to be explicit. But these vivid descriptions do not dwell on explicitness, but rather on the intensity of Jamaican life. As aforementioned Dancehall music provides a detailed description of what is happening in society.For example Buju Banton’s â€Å"Boom Bye Bye,† though controversial, accurately portrays Jamaican views while hinting their lack of tolerance for homosexuality and the violent and aggressive attitudes toward it. It is understandable if one thinks that Dancehall music has changed, because it has. That change however, is not in a variation in its content, as many people might assume, but rather the attention Dancehall music is receiving. It is becoming popular with each passing day, not only locally, but also internationally, with many of our Dancehall albums dominating international music charts. How to cite Censorship of Dancehall Music, Papers

Living and lifestyle of the People Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an article feature on making the Contrast between the life in the past in Iraq and living in a develop Country like Australia. Answer: Living and lifestyle of the people depends a lot on the economic and political conditions of the country. There is a significant difference between the people living in Iraq and people living in Australia. Iraq is among the most under developed counties in the world; however, Australia is one of the most developed countries in the world. Thus, the lifestyles of the people vary a lot in these two countries. This assignment highlights the lives of the people in Iraq and the lives of the people in Australia. A clear difference among the life styles of the people living in these two countries has been mentioned in details. Dohuk is one of the famous places in Iraq. According to the interviewee, Vyoliat it is a beautiful place, surrounded by mountains and rivers. It is known for its scenic beauty. Most of the people lived in joint families and grew up with siblings and cousins. As mentioned in the interview, Vyoliat said, We were 8 in total, 4 sisters and 2 brothers including my parents, therefore, I was the oldest child. This highlights that they lived in big joint families. The joint families included almost 8 to 10 members. Thus, instead of the concept of nuclear families, the concepts of joint families were most prevalent. The values and the culture of the people were different. The people were much down to earth and had much stronger sense of values. One of the most adverse situations that were faced by the people of Iraq was during the Simele Massacre. Vyoliat said However, the war was called Simele massacre which began on August 1933 were thousands of Assyrian were slaughtered as Arabian Kurdish forces rated the district of Simele in Northern Iraq. This highlights an adverse situation that took place in the year 1933. The people were forced to leave behind everything and run for their lives. Moreover, the women had to face a hard time. The young girls and women were raped and treated with cruelty. They were forced to march naked in front of the army of Iraq. The people were treated brutally and were killed. This was a tough time that the people of Iraq had to face. They were forced to relocate their houses more than five times, in order to live in peace. The virtues such as friendship and love had a significant role to play in the lives of the people. Marriage and romance was not a part of the culture of Iraq. The girls were often forced to get married to the man of their parents choice. However, later the men and women who were eligible for marriage started choosing their own spouse. Thus, it could be said that the culture was a strict one. Australia is one of the most developed countries in the world. The lifestyle of the people in Australia is much advanced. The people prefer living in a nuclear family setting rather than living in a joint family. Most of the people are working on Australia, and the mothers and grandmothers are working people. Hence, they have limited time to spend with their children and grandchildren. The values of the people are much superficial and the children get less time and attention from their parents. The culture of romance and marriage is also prevalent in the culture of Australia. Moreover, the people of Australia are much progressive and their life styles are much modern and based mainly on technology. The people are largely dependent on the modern technologies and less dependent on the manual labour. Thus, the lives of the people of Australia are smoother, with less of struggle. A comparison of the lives of people of Iraq and Australia highlights the facts that the lives of the people are smooth in Australia than the lives of the people of Iraq. Moreover, the lives of the people of Australia are technology dependent and less of manual work. However, in case of Iraq, the people are dependent on the manual labour, rather than technology and automation. Moreover, the society of Australia is much progressive than that of Iraq. The society of Iraq is open to marrying the man or women of their choice. However, in case of Australia, the people do not usually enter into customs such as marrying the man or woman of their choice. Thus, it could be said that the lives of the people in Australia are much easier than that of Iraq. The lives of the people of are much dependent on the economy of the country. This assignment highlights the lifestyles of the people living in Australia as well as in Iraq and a clear comparison among the lifestyles of the people has been highl ighted in this assignment. References Maguen, S., Hoerster, K.D., Littman, A.J., Klingaman, E.A., Evans-Hudnall, G., Holleman, R., Kim, H.M. and Goodrich, D.E., 2016. Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with PTSD participate less in VA's weight loss program than those without PTSD.Journal of affective disorders,193, pp.289-294. Mitchell, R.J., Watson, W.L., Milat, A., Chung, A.Z. and Lord, S., 2013. Health and lifestyle risk factors for falls in a large population-based sample of older people in Australia.Journal of safety research,45, pp.7-13.

Product Placement in Music Videos free essay sample

In today’s society, we are bombarded by advertisements everyday of our lives. On average, Americans are potentially exposed to about 600-625 commercial messages in a single day, according to the American Association of Advertising Agencies. These can be in any form, from television or radio commercials, to outdoor billboards, to even the clothes that we wear. Typically, when watching any kind of broadcast media program, we know when the commercial breaks are on and are aware that we are viewing an attempt at getting us to buy something or go somewhere. This, however, is not always the case when advertisers seek to get our attention. A large category for advertising is known as Product placement, where advertisers pay to have products featured during programming or in movies, in addition to the ad’s we see every day. Today, these methods have managed to cross into the Music Video platform, using artists to promote certain brands or companies inside their own promotional visuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Placement in Music Videos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When MTV first broadcast in 1981, they were known for music, not just music videos. The station was the new â€Å"it† venue for the latest on music and news and opened new artistic doors for a generation. The station even had a ban on blatant marketing plugs in music videos and would blur or edit it out of the video completely. Nowadays, not only is MTV now known for such television gems as â€Å"The Jersey Shore† and â€Å"The Real World†, they also don’t play many music videos. However, when they do, you realize the ban on products in music videos has been given some heavy leeway. You can’t watch many of the latest popular music videos without suddenly realizing that Kodak Cameras are the bee’s knees, or that you want to go out to the bar tonight to try some â€Å"Revolucion Tequila†. Marshall McLuhan said in his book, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, â€Å"Ideally, advertising aims at the goal of a programmed harmony among all human impulses and aspirations and endeavors. Using handicraft methods, t stretches out toward the ultimate electronic goal of a collective consciousness. When all production and all consumption are brought into a pre-established harmony with all desire and all effort, then advertising will have liquidated itself by its own success†. I feel like product placement falls into what he was talking about and has become one of the more successful ways of advertising a product or service, sometimes even over traditional television spot advertising. In music videos, it’s something that people watch over and over again. It was reported that 57% of young adults in the UK watch music videos on YouTube. When people watch music videos on the internet, they tend to watch them again. Unlike with traditional advertising, product placement in music videos opens the door for the product to be seen repeatedly and in a closer time frame. Unlike advertisements on television that, now with the DVR age, can be fast forwarded and skipped entirely, the target is seeing the product while seeing the music video, which he or she is not so inclined to skip through. Marshall McLuhan’s theory that says â€Å"the medium is the message†, meaning people will get the message effectively or not based on what medium is used as a delivery system. This is where his theory of hot and cool media comes into effect. When delivering a subliminal message, which is what product placement does, you have to have a medium that involves higher sensory participation. For example if a song is playing on the radio, you cannot see that the singer is holding a bottle of Fiji Water. They would have to say during the commercial break that they are sponsored by Fiji. That is unless, of course, you’re like Pitbul and throw some Kodak references in your lyrics. To effectively infiltrate your product into your media, there have to be visuals, which is why product placement is effective. The consumer knows they’re being marketed to, but it still creates a level of intrigue between the consumer and the product. Product placement in music videos was boosted by The Kluger Agency, an Advertising Agency that boasts a non-traditional approach to advertising. Their focus is on strategic partnerships and product placement throughout the music industry. They represent both the artists and the products so that brands can work personally with the musicians, as well as a creative team to come up with the best possible solution for advertising campaigns. The Agency has named this approach â€Å"Brand dropping†, most times incorporating brands into the song lyrics as well as their accompanying videos. For example, in the music video for â€Å"The Time (Dirty Bit)† by The Black Eyed Peas, â€Å"brand dropping† fails when BEP member apl. e. ap raps the line â€Å"its gotta be the Apple, I’m the Mac daddy, y’all† while showing a Blackberry Tablet (a product that actually does not exist yet, although there were plans to release such a product). While not always effective, in an industry whose profits are being diminished by music pirating, these kinds of product placement solutions for artists create funds for album and music video production. In addition to large corporations integrating their products into music videos, the artists themselves often take time to push their own endeavors. Britney Spears often drops the name of her perfume â€Å"Radiance† in her music videos, specifically in the videos for â€Å"Hold It Against Me† and â€Å"Criminal†. Avril Lavigne is also seen running through the â€Å"Abbey Dawn† section of a clothing store and putting the clothes on, with Abbey Dawn incorporated into the clothing’s designs. Even Lady Gaga can be seen sporting her own designed pair of Heartbeats By Lady Gaga headphones, a project she embarked on in partnership with the Beats by Dre brand. In addition to putting products in the music videos themselves, advertisers take advantage of the medium used for broadcast. Forty-eight percent of American consumers, according to Nielsen, view online video and advertisers are ready to take advantage of that. With music videos receiving little to no airtime outside of the late night time slots, people have turned to the internet to view their favorite artist’s creations and it shows, with eight out of ten of the Top Viral Videos being music videos. Advertisements prevail on websites such as YouTube, where there is an ad before your video starts, a banner that is shown during the video, a smaller banner above the video, and, most times, links to other videos, which also contain more advertisements. The first video I watched was Lady Gaga’s music video for the song â€Å"Telephone† on YouTube. It started with an ad for Mary J. Blidge in American Express Presents: Unstaged, an online series made as part of a partnership with YouTube and Vevo. I noticed there was also a small banner ad to the right of the video above the four promoted Music Videos for the same series that was advertised before the video. The music video itself had tons of examples to pull from in regards to Product Placement. To begin with, the first product to make an appearance was Lady Gaga herself with her song â€Å"Paper Gangster† playing in the exercise yard. This was followed by a close up of an inmate wearing Lady Gaga Heartbeat’s headphones, playing another one of her songs â€Å"I Like It Rough†. From there it went on a tirade of scenes that seemed to be designed to promote ads, such as a close up of her stealing a Virgin Mobile telephone (shown in two separate scenes), wearing coke cans in her hair and coach sunglasses, browsing the dating site Plentyoffish. om on an HP Beats by Dre computer, eating a Honey Bun, using a Polaroid camera (also shown in two different scenes), Miracle Whip (again, 2 different scenes! ), and Wonder Bread. The only two products that did not have any financial contribution were Coke and Wonder Bread, both being additions made by Gaga. Purposely, there was a tie-in between Lady Gaga and all the products that were paid to be put into her video. The laptop used in the video, the HP Envy 15 Beats Edition, comes with headphones and software by rapper Dr. Dre.Monster, the company that makes Dr. Dre’s Beats headphones, makes Lady Gaga’s Heartbeats headphones as well. Also, soon before the release of the video, Lady Gaga was named the Creative Director for a specialty line of Polaroid products. Even the dating website shown in her video had done a promotional contest to win a date with Lady Gaga and tickets to her concert, not to mention Plenty Of Fishs partnership with Interscope Records, Lady Gaga’s record label. Lastly, Gaga’s worldwide Monster Ball Tour was sponsored by Virgin Mobile. This video was an excellent example of â€Å"Brand Dropping†, due to all the products featured in her video were directly related to her and a product that she was trying to sell, alongside the hosting companies. That is to say, except for Miracle Whip, which has no ties to Lady Gaga, and, in my opinion, opted to be in Gaga’s video to support the new edgier Branding strategy they’ve been putting out lately with their commercials. The second video I watched was Britney Spears’ â€Å"Hold It Against Me† video. Again, before the video started, I was shown an advertisement for the Xbox Kinect Game â€Å"Dance Central 2†. Just as with the previous video, there was a banner ad on the right of the video for the same game. In the video, Spears rather shamelessly and spokes womanly, holds up a bottle of her own â€Å"Radiance† Perfume, applies eye shadow from Makeup Forever, and rises mystically surrounded by 360 degrees of Sony television screens playing her music video repertoire. She also, seemingly out of place with the rest of the video, is seen surfing the website Plentyoffish. com (yes, Britney Spears is also an Interscope artist) on a touch screen Sony Computer. I actually could not count the amount of times the word Sony showed up in the four and a half minute video, between actual use and just flashes of the word Sony, which I thought was unusual seeing as Sony’s Record company is the second largest of the â€Å"Big Four† record companies, behind Universal Music Group, which owns Interscope Records. It has been noted that Spears earned Five hundred thousand dollars in revenue from the Product placement in the video, two hundred thousand coming from Plenty Of Fish alone. For my third and final example, I chose to use an artist that doesn’t have the same level of video views as the big LG and Britney. While Telephone and Hold It Against Me boast 128,498,663 and 70,284,020 views, respectively, Minogue’s â€Å"All The Lovers† only claims 11,635,129 views and has been available for the same amount of time as Telephone, and came out months before Hold It Against Me. The difference in advertising was evident right away. Unlike the previous two videos, â€Å"All The Lovers† was not preceded by a commercial. Instead, at the 10 second mark in the video, a banner came up from the bottom of the video promoting a singer named Kari Jobe and her new single â€Å"We Are†. I did not know who Kari Jobe was before seeing it and out of curiosity, stopped to find out about her. As it turned out, she is a Christian Singer signed to EMI Music, the parent label of Parlophone, which Kylie Minogue is signed to. As far as product placement in the video, there is only one product featured and it is not heavily used in the â€Å"story† of the video, and that is BMW. Used more in a visual aesthetic kind of way, the car is only seen releasing white balloons and is parked all along the sides of the road seen in the video. While not the perfect camouflage, the product is incorporated well into the video and blends well with the visual theme of the video. While no one denies Minogue’s success as an artist, she has always been one of moderate success in the United States, and therefore isn’t used the same way as â€Å"Mega Stars† like Lady Gaga and Beyonce, where their star power gives them the leeway to do the things they do as far as advertising. In conclusion, as we look back on the last decade, Product placement in music videos has definitely come a long way, to being prevalent in many of the videos we see. McLuhan had relevant theories in regard to advertising, even back in a time where we did not have the same technology that we have now that revolutionized how we distribute information and reach mass peoples. Those theories have proven well, even in the category of product placement. Thanks to McLuhan, we can analyze every aspect of a media delivery system and find the best and most efficient way to utilize its strengths and make people aware of products and services in a more streamlined and efficient way. While the thought of being solicited while watching artists we enjoy for their music or showmanship feels like it should be unsettling, the business is growing bigger than ever with brands shelling out 6 figures for about 10 seconds of actual screen time, and the videos are doing better than ever.

Surviving with Eight Dollars Essays

Surviving with Eight Dollars Essays Surviving with Eight Dollars Essay Surviving with Eight Dollars Essay Dollars With eight dollars, I can get a great breakfast and lunch deal from a local fast food, and possibly even fit in an after-lunch snack, if I limit my spending. Eight dollars an hour is an agreeable minimum wage and should not be increased in California. In most states, living off of eight dollars an hour is horrible because the economy is down right now and prices for everything else are rising. But in the state of California, many make their way around Just fine. Eight dollars an hour, working forty hours a week, thats almost your monthly rent and groceries! You dont need the fanciest furniture or the coolest technology around. If people learn to save their extra cash, living off of Californians minimum wage is Just about enough. California may be the state where dreams come true but in most cities throughout California, dreams are able to come true without the government increasing minimum wage. For example, if the minimum wage is increased then the government will need to mint more money and the effect of minting more money is inflation. In response to this, the value of the American dollar will decrease and cause ore harm to the already-beaten economy. Instead of raising the minimum wage higher, what companies really should do is create more Jobs. Everyone knows that top-notch Jobs need top-notch workers whom of course receive top-notch pay. But if their pay increases, then the amount of experience needed for these Jobs will also increase since it is a high-paying Job. Most applying for these Jobs will get rejected because before, they had enough experience to work minimum wage in these companies, but with the wage and experience necessary increasing, the chances of ending a minimum wage Job will decrease. This results in the unemployment rate in California to once again arise, creating more trouble for those residing in this state. Californians main goal right now should be to create more available Jobs for the unemployed and the easiest way to do that is to keep the minimum wage as is. For example, two economic professors from Princeton, David Card and Alan Krueger, made a study called The Princeton Study. They studied the relations between the minimum wage and the unemployment rate in certain states in the United States. In cost of their studies they, found that the entire net effect of an increase in minimum wage results in a slight decrease in employment. This shows that if the minimum wage is increased, that it will lead to an even higher unemployment rate and that is exactly what we do not want for California, or the United States in general. We want the minimum wage to stay what it is right now so the unemployment rate can increase. The professors proved that, according to the Princeton Study, employment actually expanded in New Jersey relative to Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage was constant. This shows that we have two choices: to decrease the minimum wage or to Just leave it alone. This also proves that increasing the minimum wage should not even be an option because the economy will worsen. This choice may take a while, but it will all be worth it in the long run. California seems to be one of those states where the minimum wage has been an arising issue for a number of years. For example, in California, the minimum wage welfare. Dry. Peter Brandon of the Institute for Research on Poverty studied how raising the minimum wage affect the transition from welfare to work. He found that casing it keeps welfare mothers on welfare longer. Mothers on welfare in states that raised their minimum wage remained on welfare 44 percent longer than mothers on welfare in states where it was not raised. This shows that a higher minimum wage is making life more difficult for the people living in poverty. It would not be fair to increase the minimum wage Just to circulate more money within the country and make millions of people suffer when they really do not have to. We should Just keep the current minimum wage in California at eight dollars an hour and see the economy flourish in the long run.

Biography of Bill Gates, Co-Founder of Microsoft

Biography of Bill Gates, Co-Founder of Microsoft Bill Gates (born Oct. 28, 1955) is the principal co-founder of Microsoft Corp., the world’s largest personal-computer software company and one of the largest and most influential technology companies in the world. Since he stepped down as chairman of Microsoft Corp., he has focused on and contributed billions of dollars to several charities, especially the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, the worlds largest private charitable foundation. Fast Facts: Bill Gates Known For: Co-founder of MicrosoftAlso Known As: William Henry Gates IIIBorn: Oct. 28, 1955  in Seattle,  WashingtonParents: William H. Gates Sr., Mary MaxwellPublished Software: MS-DOSSpouse: Melinda French GatesChildren: Jennifer, Rory, PhoebeNotable Quote: I think its fair to say that personal computers have become the most empowering tool weve ever created. Theyre tools of communication, theyre tools of creativity, and they can be shaped by their user. Early Life Bill Gates (full name: William Henry Gates III) was born on Oct. 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington, the son of William H. Gates Sr., an attorney, and Mary Maxwell, a businesswoman and bank executive who served  on the University of Washington Board of Regents from 1975 to 1993. He has two sisters. Gates wrote his first  software  program at 13 and in high school  was part of a group, which also included childhood friend Paul Allen, that computerized their school’s payroll system and developed Traf-O-Data, a traffic-counting system that they sold to local governments. Gates and Allen wanted to start their own company immediately, but Gates parents wanted him to finish high school and go on to college, hoping he eventually would become a lawyer. In 1975 Gates, then a sophomore at  Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, joined Allen, who was working as a programmer for Honeywell near Boston, to write software for the first  microcomputers, later called PCs. They started by adapting  BASIC, a popular programming language for large computers. Starting Microsoft With the success of this project, Gates left Harvard during his junior year and, with Allen, moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, planning to develop software for the newly emerging personal computer market. In 1975 they started what Allen named Micro-Soft by combining micro from microcomputers and soft from software. The hyphen later was dropped. In 1979, they moved the company to Bellevue, Washington, just east of Seattle. Microsoft became famous for its computer operating systems and killer business deals. In 1980, Gates and Allen licensed an  operating system  called  MS-DOS  to IBM, at the time the worlds largest computer maker, for its first microcomputer, the  IBM PC. They were smart enough to retain the right to license the operating system to other companies, which eventually made them a fortune. Finding Success By 1983, the year Allen left the company for health reasons, Microsofts reach had become global with offices in Great Britain and Japan and 30% of the worlds computers running on its software. A few years earlier, Gates had developed a partnership with Apple to work on some shared projects. Gates soon realized that Apples graphics interface, which displayed text and images on the screen and was driven by a mouse, appealed to the average user more than Microsofts text-and-keyboard-driven MS-DOS system. He launched an ad campaign claiming that Microsoft was developing an operating system that would use a graphic interface similar to Apples products. Called Windows, it would be compatible with all MS-DOS system software. The announcement was a bluff- Microsoft had no such program under development- but it was sheer genius as a marketing tactic: It would encourage people using MS-DOS to wait for new Windows software releases instead of changing to another system, such as Apples Macintosh. In November 1985, nearly two years after his announcement, Gates and Microsoft launched Windows.  Then, in 1989, Microsoft launched Microsoft Office, which bundled office applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel into one system. Perils of Success All the while, Gates was defending Microsoft against lawsuits and Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice investigations of claims charging unfair dealings with computer manufacturers. Yet the innovation continued. Windows 95 was launched in 1995 and in 2001 Microsoft debuted the original Xbox gaming system. Microsoft appeared untouchable. In 2000, Gates stepped down as Microsoft CEO and was succeeded by Harvard friend and longtime Microsoft executive Steve Ballmer. Gates assumed the new role of chief software architect. In 2008 Gates left his daily job at Microsoft but retained his position as board chairman until 2014, when he stepped down as chairman but retained a board seat and began serving as technology adviser. Marriage and Family On Jan. 1, 1994, Gates married Melinda French, who has an MBA and a bachelors degree in computer science and met him while she was working at Microsoft. They have three children- Jennifer, Rory, and Phoebe- and live in Xanadu 2.0,  a  66,000-square-foot mansion overlooking Lake Washington  in  Medina, Washington. Philanthropy Gates and his wife founded the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation with the mission of improving the quality of life for people around the world, primarily in the areas of global health and learning. Their initiatives have ranged from funding tuition for 20,000 college students to installing 47,000 computers in 11,000 libraries in all 50 states. In 2005, Bill and Melinda Gates and rock star Bono were named Time magazine persons of the year for their charitable work. According to the foundations website, in 2019, the foundation had made nearly $65 million in grants by mid-April to recipients around the world. The foundation is led by CEO Sue Desmond-Hellmann and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Legacy Back when Bill Gates and Paul Allen announced their  intention to put a computer in every home and on every desktop, most people scoffed. Until then, only the government and large corporations could afford computers. But within only a few decades, Gates and Microsoft had indeed brought computer power to the people. Gates also has had an impact on millions of people throughout the world with his charitable efforts, especially with the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, and he has made large personal donations to a number of educational institutions. Sources About Bill. Gatesnotes.com.Bill Gates: American Computer Programmer, Businessman, and Philanthropist. Encyclopedia Britannica.Bill Gates Biography: Entrepreneur, Philanthropist. Biography.com.Awarded Grants. Gatesfoundation.org.

Is oral sucrose an effective method of pain relief for pre-term Literature review

Is oral sucrose an effective method of pain relief for pre-term neonates - Literature review Example Preterm neonates undergo several diagnostic procedures in the clinics and hospital, from vitamin K injection during the first hours after being delivered up to heel pricks for blood sampling to detect metabolic aberrations few days after being discharged. Some preterm neonates also undergo necessary resuscitation and ventilation to sustain and support life of premature vital organs. These situations warrant the administration of drugs and behavioral interventions like opioid analgesics, local and general anesthetics, sedative/ hypnotics, NSAIDS, and sucrose (Anand et al 2006, p. 11). While there are several researches performed to validate the efficiency of these agents in neonates, the issue on safety on the preterm neonates remains an active area of debate. In this review, research articles from journals in scholarly databases such as Cochrane databases and PubMed were evaluated and compared based on their relevant evidence on the practice of using oral sucrose in preterm neonates. Only the studies that utilized a randomized controlled trial designs were selected. The design and number of participants utilized in the studies will be considered and discussed in this paper. Moreover, the research articles are classified and covered under specific procedure often undergone by neonates. The Challenge of Pain Assessment New developments in the neurobiological, embryological, and developmental studies established that even the primitive forms of human life respond to noxious stimuli through a combination of distinct behaviors and physiological activity (Anand et al 2006, p. 9). Like adults, unnecessary pain and suffering of the fetus and the neonate need to be prevented to avoid short- term and long- term consequences (Haidon and Cunliffe 2010, p. 123). As with every situation, assessments always precede interventions even in the management of pain. In the actual clinic setting, the pain felt by the neonates are often overlooked as a normal pattern of their behavio r. For instance, neonates undergoing procedures in the clinics and hospitals like bladder catheterization, needle sticks, surgery, mechanical ventilation, and even the administration of intravenous antibiotics are expected to cry due to discomfort and pain. Because of the ubiquitous nature of pain in preterm neonates, clinicians may fail to address the suffering in minor procedures and fail to perform necessary actions (Porter, Wolf, and Miller 1999, p. 1). Failure to acknowledge the importance of alleviating pain in the preterm and term neonates can result to serious consequences in their neurologic maturation. Therefore, more sensitive assessment tools are needed to detect the level of pain in the neonates and to validate the intervention researches in pain relief. Currently, specific tools consider multidimensional features associated with pain like cry behavior, grimace, quality of sucking, and physiological outcomes (Vani, Nimbalkar, and Thakre 2009, p. 200). Neonates may show different spectra of crying depending on each situation (Belliene et al. 2004, p. 142). Unlike adults, pain assessment of preterm neonates rely on these signs rather that an actual description and quality of pain (Lawrence et al. 1993). Although several researches were conducted to minimize the unnecessary pain, the assessment of pain in preterm

Perspectives From West Africa Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perspectives From West Africa - Movie Review Example The people interviewed to comment on various topics that range from the menace of apes destroying crops to butchers discussing their business. According to Aguibou Yansane, â€Å"The film depicts a lot of truths often avoided by more high profile documentaries and news reports in and on Africa.   It shows Africans as humane and striving to do well like all other human beings†. This documentary is divided into four parts. Each part explores a different country and dwells on different issues. In the first part Senegalese give their opinions on September 11, the United States foreign policy, Osama Bin Laden, former President Bill Clinton and George Bush. These opinions represent a wide spectrum and are valuable as Dakar, where the scenes are shot one year after September 11, is the vibrant capital of a pro-western, democratic country with ninety percent of its population being Muslims. The second part is about The Gambia. The Gambia is ranked almost at the bottom of the world’s economic indexes. However, people visiting Serekunda are surprised when they see the vigorous activity in the sprawling shops and marketplace. This is because even to earn a few dollars (local currency of Gambia) one has to be in the marketplace. In this part of the film, various small-scale entrepreneurs of The Gambia tell in their own words, how they "make their dalasi" in mar ketplaces. Part three is about the successes and challenges of community-based conservation projects that are aimed at providing protection to the natural environment as well as the economic development of the local communities in the forest regions of southern Guinea-Bissau. It includes viewpoints of a variety of local people like the vice-president of a local women’s association, the director of a community radio station, a government forestry worker, a local chief, a hunter, etc. The film also has rare footage of Africa’s chimpanzee.

Journal Review Essay Example for Free

Journal Review Essay The article authored by Lloyd and Craig (2007) describes important factors to consider when collecting a patient’s history.   The rationale behind the procedure is based on the increase in the responsibilities of nurses, which now includes taking the histories of patients.   The assessment of every patient is based on several components, of which medical history plays an essential part.   In addition to a patient’s history importance, the collection of this information by a nurse allows the establishment of a relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional. The article discussed in fine detail the critical stages of patient history taking.   In order to prepare for the collection of information, a nurse should be aware that a patient could come from various environments and show different medical conditions and thus respect plays a critical role the assessment of the patient condition.   The cultural and religious beliefs of every patient may be different and thus a nurse should be competent enough in recognizing such differences.   The importance of privacy and confidentiality is also important in this procedure. Communication skills are also important when taking the history of a patient.   The nurse should also be capable of listening to the answers of the patient.   It is also important to get the consent of the patient to disclose any information pertinent to the assessment of his medical condition.    History-taking also involves an appropriate order of questioning the patient and this generally starts with a question regarding the patient’s identity and then asking what his chief complaint is.   The precise details of the complaint will also influence the choices of diagnostic procedures that will be performed.   The article also enumerated the cardinal symptoms that are important to consider when taking a patient’s history. a. What was done well and what could have been improved in the article? The article was done well because it discusses in length all the important aspects of the topic such as the structure and order of the history-taking process and the list of symptoms that should be checked upon presentation of the patient at the hospital. b. Why did this article interest you? Or did it fail to interest you? The article is interesting because it critically presents the process of history taking and how it could influence the diagnosis and procedures that would be conducted in the hospital.   The article is important because nurses should be aware that history taking is a critical process that should be performed in a standard way in order to fully cover all important aspects of patient assessment. c. Does the material presented in the article relate to you or your area of practice? Yes, the material presented in the article related to me and my area of practice and that I have learned essential points on how to handle the responsibility of collecting information from a new patient. d. Was the health assessment strategy beneficial? Could you adopt it in your practice? Yes, the health assessment strategy is beneficial because I can now follow a better procedure in taking a patient’s history.   I will definitely adopt the important points of this article to my practice in order to better serve the patients. e. Was the health assessment strategy explained clearly? The health assessment strategy was explained clearly and specific examples were also provided that fully clarified any questions that I might have. f. Should more research/articles be written about this area of health assessment? I think that articles of this kind should be written and read because this will effectively help healthcare professionals in improving their skills in taking care of patients. g. What population or individuals does this article apply to (i.e.: who will benefit the most from this article)? Patients will definitely benefit from this article because these are the individuals that healthcare professionals take care of, and this is strongly influenced by the interactions that take place between the two parties.   Knowledge on the proper approaches to history taking will allow healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to perform this task in the most professional way.

Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: Tthe Seduction of the Reader :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays

The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Seduction of the Reader "To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim," writes Oscar Wilde in the famous preface of his classic novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. One might find it a bit ironic the fact that posterity always has looked upon this book as being more or less an autobiography. Wilde was surrounded by scandals until his death, stirring the strict, Victorian society he lived in with his homosexual bent and libertine views on life. The Picture of Dorian Gray was therefore also regarded by many people as "highly immoral" and has probably earned the title "classic" years after the author's death. With rarely less than two cogent aphorisms per page, it is hard not finding myriads of subtle meanings in the text, why I am only focusing on the main themes I found interesting. The obsession of aestheticism and beauty runs all through the story in a kind of contradictory way. Oscar Wilde states in the preface: "Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault. Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope." With this he means that one should not, for example, judge a piece of art on a moral basis; the art is only there for being aesthetically admired and one should only be enchanted with its beauty, not let oneself be misled by a deeper idea behind it. At the same time, he lets his protagonist Dorian Gray suffer the penalty for his narcissistic behaviour by killing him off at the end of the book, giving the reader the opposite message - that beauty after all is nothing to strive for. Also, Wilde lets the painting of Dorian become a symbol of the young man's degeneration, showing very well the immorality of his life through a work of art. It is like Wilde means to tell us that art indeed has its important place among people, and beauty is seducing to the viewer. However it is temporary, dangerous, and powerful enough to spoil the life of a man. One must know how to look upon beauty to be able to love it without succumbing to it. As Oscar Wilde was a confirmed aesthete himself, this conclusion may appear paradoxical, but it should be mentioned that not much in this book is not. Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: Tthe Seduction of the Reader :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Seduction of the Reader "To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim," writes Oscar Wilde in the famous preface of his classic novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. One might find it a bit ironic the fact that posterity always has looked upon this book as being more or less an autobiography. Wilde was surrounded by scandals until his death, stirring the strict, Victorian society he lived in with his homosexual bent and libertine views on life. The Picture of Dorian Gray was therefore also regarded by many people as "highly immoral" and has probably earned the title "classic" years after the author's death. With rarely less than two cogent aphorisms per page, it is hard not finding myriads of subtle meanings in the text, why I am only focusing on the main themes I found interesting. The obsession of aestheticism and beauty runs all through the story in a kind of contradictory way. Oscar Wilde states in the preface: "Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault. Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope." With this he means that one should not, for example, judge a piece of art on a moral basis; the art is only there for being aesthetically admired and one should only be enchanted with its beauty, not let oneself be misled by a deeper idea behind it. At the same time, he lets his protagonist Dorian Gray suffer the penalty for his narcissistic behaviour by killing him off at the end of the book, giving the reader the opposite message - that beauty after all is nothing to strive for. Also, Wilde lets the painting of Dorian become a symbol of the young man's degeneration, showing very well the immorality of his life through a work of art. It is like Wilde means to tell us that art indeed has its important place among people, and beauty is seducing to the viewer. However it is temporary, dangerous, and powerful enough to spoil the life of a man. One must know how to look upon beauty to be able to love it without succumbing to it. As Oscar Wilde was a confirmed aesthete himself, this conclusion may appear paradoxical, but it should be mentioned that not much in this book is not.

What Is Criminal Justice

A crime is committed when a person has violated the law by the state, federal government and local jurisdiction system and cannot be justified. Crime can be categorized in several types of ways; felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, treason and espionage and inchoate offenses. Felonies are considered to be major crimes which could cost an offender jail time, probation and confiscated property. The two most common models of how society determines whether a crime has been committed are criminal law and criminal justice. Criminal law relates to crime and punishment.In contrast, criminal justice focus is geared towards the right and wrong doing in situations. There is no separation between social and criminal justice because justice is portrayed by our nation’s criminal court. The law is a set of guidelines that has been applied through public establishment to regulate behavior wherever possible. Criminal law has two essential parts which are substantive criminal law that identifies c rimes and punishment the offender may face and procedural law is a method use to enforce substantive law.The government structure that applies to the criminal justice system is connected by the federal, state and local level. The government has three branches to help avert and manage crime the legislature, judiciary and the executive. The legislature division determines what is right and wrong and how congress passes laws. The executive branch enforces the law and judiciary system interprets the law. Criminological theory is an explanation of the causes of crime and how it is connected within the criminal justice system.Understanding the criminal is significant to first understand how civilization thinks and determine what acts are considering a crime. A thought based on classical and neoclassical of criminology is a choice theory. Conscious choices created by choice theory are a basic belief of criminality. To understand choice theory, it is important to first address the basic ass umptions use by classical theorist.Schmalleger (2009) stated, â€Å"Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free will. Human beings are fundamentally rational, and most human behavior is the result of free will coupled with rational choice† (pp. 83-84). Early theorist of the classical school believed that pain and pleasure were the dominate traits that governed human behavior. These early rational were replaced with a more modern rational choice theory. Scott (2000) stated, â€Å"What distinguishes ational choice theory form other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental actions, however much it may appear to be irrational or non-rational† (p. 2). The concept of personal choice is rooted in the analysis of human behavior developed by Ceasar Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Bentham essentially said that an individual would co mmit a crime as long as the reward outweighed the consequences.

What Are the Most Important Agents of Socialization and How Are They Being Accounted for in Children Lives

Parents are important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In my paper I will be discussing the important factors of socialization and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socialization. The family is the most influential socializing agent. Infants are born into certain types of families and grow up with them as children and adults. Socialization is the process of imbibing the norms, value and social patterns of a particular society. It is also closely linked to the concept of individual and personal development. The family is perhaps the most important source of socialization, given its central role in the early developmental period (Holm, 2005). It plays this central role because it introduces children to intimate relationships and gives them their first experience of being treated as distinct individuals. In essence, the family is the child’s first reference group, the first group whose norms and values the child adopts as his or her own and uses to evaluate his or her behavior. The family also introduces children to group life. Several factors in family life affect socialization. For example, fathers and mothers have different parental styles. Fathers tend toward physical play and unfamiliar games, while mothers tend toward vocal interaction and familiar games. The numbers of siblings and the birth order also have substantial effects. Interactions with siblings enable children to learn about cooperation and conflict as well as negotiation and bargaining. Finally, the family introduces the child into society, helping him or her to find an identity in the larger social world. Socialization is seen as an essential process in the lives of the young child and adult in that it is an essential process of learning and adaptation necessary for social and psychological well-being and survival. The family and socialization are terms that are often linked in terms of their sociological nature and function, the family is in most societies the area or the social structure where the child is socialized and where he or she learns the norms and mores of that particular social environment and culture (Starrels, 2000). Notwithstanding the recent sociological concern about the demise of the family structure in developed countries like United States, the family is still generally seen as the centre of the socialization process. Ultimately, the values or characteristics of a family impact the children. For example, the children of families who are not overly rigid and restrictive are usually content and well-adjusted; however, children who grow up in environments that are too restrictive often become defiant and lack confidence. There are two basic aspects of socialization. First, socialization creates individuals who are part of a human community. It enables people to live within their groups and to be effective members of the society into which they are born. Second, socialization is the process by which a society reproduces itself in a new generation. It helps transmit the values and traditions of the past to the next generation (Tannenbaum 1967). The highest values and discourage deviation from social values do not just come from the family but through other sources such as institutions and peers. (Arnett 1995). Sociologists have long recognized that peers play a critical role in children’s initiation to society. Peer groups provide experience with egalitarian relationships. The absence of a power imbalance enables peers to teach other skills and to provide resources in ways in which parents frequently cannot. Children select peers; they do not select their parents. This selection opportunity enables children and young adults to test some of their preferences for certain types of friends. Peers also teach each other about subjects that adults consider sensitive or taboo and develop their own distinctive norms and values. During adolescence the influence of peers increases, while the influence of parents decreases. Adolescents often experience conflict with the power and expectations of their parents and other adults. However, adolescents generally remain responsive to their parent’s desires regarding goals and values. Peer values generally reinforce parental values. Cross-cultural research has highlighted differences in peer group socialization in different societies (Wilson, 1995). Children are exposed increasingly to a variety of mass media. The media play a substantial role in contemporary socialization and have become increasingly important over the last several decades. Children in the United States today spend more time watching television than in school. Parents as well as others have become increasingly concerned with the role of television and other mass media, but a review of the research on the impact of television on children yields mixed results. Fathers, especially, are still likely to stress the importance of a career or occupational success for their sons than for their daughters. As a result, parents are more likely to provide opportunities for their sons than for their daughters( Benokraitis,2008) Generally my research shows that watching programs which emphasize positive values often stimulates positive behaviors, where as viewing violence and other negative types of programs encourages aggression and other types of negative behaviors. At a minimum, it is clear that television can have a major effect in that children interact with television in much the same way as they interact with other elements in their social environment. Education has become an increasingly important source of socialization in the last century as society became less rural and more urban. School serves as a transition point between the home and the adult world. Schools teach certain official values such as intellectual skills, but they also include a hidden curriculum that teaches useful skills such as how to live in a bureaucratic setting (Mcleod, 1967). Adult socialization is also transparent. Some life transitions simply build on existing norms, values, and roles; others require resocialization or the internalization of an alternative set of norms and values. For example, army recruits and mental patients must be resocialized to their new roles. Desocialization requires stripping oneself of the self-image and values acquired previously and replacing them with a new outlook and self-image. Total institutions, such as prisons, are organizations that deliberately close themselves off from the outside world and lead a very insular life that is formally organized and tightly controlled. Newcomers to total institutions undergo mortification: they are stripped of clothes and personal possessions and are given standard clothing. They perform meaningless tasks, endure abuse and are deprived of privacy; these procedures are designed to destroy newcomer’s feelings of self-worth and to prepare them for deference to their superiors (Summers, 1972). Occupational socialization involves learning the norms, values, and beliefs appropriate for a new occupation or organization. Considerable variation occurs in the type and extent of occupational socialization. In conclusion I would like add that â€Å"Agents of Socialization† defines socialization as the process of passing down cultural beliefs and practices to society; many groups in society are involved in this process, but after researching I found out that the family is the most important socializing agent. The restrictiveness of the family environment can impact socialization of children, affecting how well-adjusted children and teenagers are. Social class can affect the ways that families socialize their children. Lower class parents tend to be more controlling and rigid, whereas middle class parents tend to encourage more independence. In the past three decades, the ways that families socialize their children have changed. Specifically, society’s views of children and teenagers have changed from one in which children and teenagers are naive and immature to one in which they are viewed as more competent and worldly. Also, adults have become less controlling over time.

A Person Is Not a They. Neither Is an Army.

A Person Is Not a They. Neither Is an Army. A Person Is Not a â€Å"They.† Neither Is an Army. A Person Is Not a â€Å"They.† Neither Is an Army. By Guest Author So you want to be politically correct, you want to be inclusive, and you would never assume that every nurse and every teacher in the world is a â€Å"she.† Right? Right. But sometimes this worthy thought leads us to perform some very clumsy gymnastics. Consider this passage from a guide for a doctor’s front office staff: Show the patient how to use their medicine. Does this patient have three heads with three mouths through which to ingest medications? Or maybe the patient is using a medication produced by several Big Pharma companies? We can see the impulse behind this absurdity: whoever wrote this document didn’t want to suggest that every patient in the practice was a â€Å"he.† Or a â€Å"she,† unless the doc’ was a gynecologist. But this good intention led to a moment of bad grammar: pronouns need to agree with their nouns. We have several alternatives that honor our desire for inclusiveness without sliding into the ridiculousness. One obvious strategy is simply to make the noun plural: Show patients how to use their medicine. Another is to change the pronoun (his, her, its) to an article (the, a, an): Show the patient how to use the medicine. Or, if it works in the context, we can change the singular â€Å"medicine† to the plural: Show the patient how to use medicines. Each of these approaches allows the writer to make sense without offending anyone’s sensibilities. Remember: in U.S. English, collective nouns are singular: Zappit Electric just raised its rates. (Not â€Å"their rates†) An army travels on its stomach. (Not â€Å"their stomach†) The jury returned its verdict. (Not â€Å"their verdict†) Not so in the Queen’s English: Brits see collective nouns as plural (e.g., The jury returned their verdict). But when you’re writing for a U.S. publisher, corporation, government agencie, and similar entities, take singular verbs and singular pronouns. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryAcronym vs. Initialism20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story Many students take journalism courses because they like to write, and many journalism courses focus on the craft of writing. But the great thing about news writing is that it follows a basic format. Learn that format, and youll be able to write news stories, whether youre a naturally talented writer or not. Writing Your Lede The most important part of any news story is the lede, which is the very first sentence of a news story. In it, the writer summarizes the most newsworthy points of the story in broad brushstrokes. If a lede is well-written, it will give the reader a basic idea of what the story is about, even if they skip over the rest of the story. Example: Two people died in a rowhouse fire in Northeast Philadelphia last night. See what I mean? From this ​lede, you get the basics: two people killed, rowhouse fire, and northeast Philadelphia. Now, theres obviously a lot more to this story. What caused the fire? Who was killed? What was the address of the rowhouse? And so on. Those details will be in the rest of the story. But the lede gives us the story in a nutshell. Beginners often have trouble figuring out what to put into a lede and what to leave out. Again, think in broad brushstrokes: Give the major points of the story, but leave the smaller details for later. The Five Ws and the H One way to figure out what goes into a lede is to use the five Ws and the H: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who is the story about? What is it about? Where did it occur? And so on. Answer those questions in your lede, and youre covering all the bases. Sometimes, one of those answers will be more interesting than the rest. Lets say youre writing a story about a celebrity who dies in a car crash. Obviously, what makes the story interesting is the fact that a celebrity is involved. A car crash in and of itself is common. Unfortunately, thousands of people die in car crashes every year. So in this example, youll want to emphasize that who aspect of the story in your lede. But what about the rest of the story, the part that comes after the lede? News stories are written in the inverted pyramid format. Sounds weird, but all this means is that the most important information goes at the top, or the beginning of the story, and the least important stuff goes at the bottom. We do this for several reasons. First, readers have a limited amount of time and short attention spans, so it makes sense to put the most important news at the start of the story. Second, this format allows editors to shorten stories quickly on deadline if needed. Its much easier to trim a news story if you know the least important stuff is at the end. Basic News Format The other thing to remember? Keep your writing tight, and your stories relatively short. Say what you need to say in as few words as possible. One way to do this is to follow the S-V-O format, which stands for Subject-Verb-Object. To understand this concept, look at these two examples: She read the book. The book was read by her. Whats the difference between these two sentences? The first one is written in the S-V-O format: She (subject) read (verb) the book (object). As a result, the sentence is short and to the point (four words). And since the connection between the subject and the action shes taking is clear, the sentence has some life to it. You can picture a woman reading a book when you read the sentence. The second sentence, on the other hand, doesnt follow S-V-O. As a result, the connection between the subject and what shes doing has been severed. What youre left with is a sentence thats watery and unfocused. The second sentence is also two words longer than the first. Two words may not seem like a lot, but imagine cutting two words from every sentence in a 10-inch news article. Soon, it starts to add up. You can convey much more information using far fewer words with the S-V-O format.

How to run a Web Server at Home Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to run a Web Server at Home - Assignment Example How to run a Web Server at Home For me I will select â€Å"Server with GUI† Because it has a graphical user interface. It’s easier if you are not familiar with Linux. Otherwise, go a ahead and select â€Å"Basic Web Server.† If you are finish click â€Å"done†. Then, Power on the â€Å"Ethernet.† Done If you want you can setup the time, location, and language preference. From â€Å"Localization† Now, we should be done and ready to install our Centos Operating System as a server. Make sure you set a password for your root. In addition, do not forget to create a user. We are going to wait until it is done. Then we will reboot our virtual machine. After rebooting the system, you will have to accept Licensee information. Then, Finish. Click on Not listed to login as a root. Therefore, we can have access to anything on the system. Type in your username: root Moreover, the password you closed during setup. IP address is very important here. The IP address that is given from your internet provider is your identifier on the web. Therefore, if your IP address is always the same then you do not need to worry about anything. However, if your IP address always changing then you need to setup software that informs the domain that your address has changed. Google it and you should be fine. Version 10.0 of VM Workstation does not recognize Centos OS 7. Therefore, we need to inform VM, we have Linux and it has 3.x kernel. Not doing this Centos OS 7 will not have access to the internet.

Climate Change Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Climate Change Debate - Essay Example Debating on the natural and human actions which affect the climate of a particular region it can be inferred that natural actions takes resort of all the above mentioned factors while as regards to human activities the climatic changes are rendered through the generation of atmospheric and topographic changes. Another set of natural factors which also govern the climatic changes though in an internal way are alterations in the oceanic and atmospheric conditions which in turn emit a lot of energy into the outer atmosphere causing climatic changes. Owing to the intricate relationship of the variables involved the event of climatic change takes a debating turn as to the nature factors viz. human and natural. [1] Causes of Climate Change: The climatic changes in the modern periods have become the potential contributor to the event of global warming. The heating up of the climatic temperatures by the turn of the twentieth century are attributed to a number of natural factors. Many natural events like the happening of the El Nino factor, which has its emergence with the change in the oceanic currents, happen to affect the external atmosphere. Similarly the topography of the earth is also affected by events like volcanic activity and earthquakes, which also result considerable heat and energy to the earth’s atmosphere causing changes in climatic temperatures. The atmosphere of the earth also gets directly affected owing to changes in the flow of radiations emanating from the solar surface, which is also accountable for climatic changes. Further the huge amount of volcanic eruptions on the earth’s surface emits an abundance of harmful gases and chemicals along with heavy dust and ashes into the atmosphere. Some of the gases emitted directly affect the Ozone layer of the atmosphere, which henceforth becomes responsible for climatic changes. Like the host of natural factors mentioned above which contribute to the event of climate change and rising temperatu res the planet’s climatic system is also affected by various manmade activities. The human beings on the earth’s surface from time immemorial have contributed to the burning down of trees and other fossilized energy sources like petrol, which also emit lot of harmful gases and other substances into the atmosphere. Thus both natural and human factors are responsible for the environmental degradation and change in climatic temperatures. Further research conducted shows that the growth of human activities related to the burning of fossil fuels and the spread of the industrialization along with several scientific experiments have caused a great impact in altering the climatic conditions of the summer and winter seasons. It is found that owing to the growth of anthropogenic activities the days of the winter season have been considerably reduced while the summer days have got extended. The incidence of such factors has reduced the effect of the winter season while on the con trary the summer season has obtained a further impetus. Again the effect of the growth of manmade activities have led to such climatic changes that some regions are experiencing more amount of heat waves while other regions are getting considerably colder. The gaseous emissions from both the volcanic eruptions on the earth’s surface and as well as from large nature of human activities are also studied to affect changes in the oceanic temperatures causing it get much cooler than earlier. [2]; [3] Further studies conducted on the manmade factors which render an impact on the climatic temperat

International business final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International business final exam - Assignment Example The conditions imply that cotton in Africa is cheaper than in the United States in production. In fact, Dunavant pays about half of the world prices for the African cotton. This strengthens that assertion that the low cost of production translates to lower prices. The low cost are brought about by abundance of land to grow cotton, labor, and low barriers to trade in the commodity. Also, the availability of professional advice and microfinance services from Dunavant has increased production. Trade between Dunavant and Africa is beneficial to various parties which in include the farmers, the company and textile industries across the world. Unlike the US farmers who rely of subsidies, African farmers are reliant on financial services extended by companies like Dunavant (Zachary 2007). The price benefit derived by the company extends to other firms that buy the cotton from it. This has the effect of bringing the world cotton prices down. Consequently, it raises competition among cotton producing regions. The information can be explained by porters diamond of national advantage whose interest in factor conditions, structure and rivalry in the industry, available demand, related and supporting industries Factor conditions include skilled labor and technology. Cotton in Africa is labor intensive and thus benefits from a large population. Moreover, availability of funds from companies and governments aid the industry. A local market is preferable as it triggers more production. The industry becomes more competitive thus deriving better services to farmers. Global companies acting on a national stage opens up the country for international demand that further enhances cotton farming. The cotton industry is competitive. Production in Africa closely follows the United States, placing Africa as a strategic player in the industry. The advantage is that many international suppliers have ventured into the region to provide market

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of MS

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of MS Currently, there are six new drugs that are being assessed by clinical scientists and some of these drugs have entered or completed phase 2 level and phase 3 level clinical trials. Three of these drugs are oral drugs and they include Lanquinimod, Teriflumomide and Di-methyl fumarate. The other three are monoclonal antibodies (mAb) namely Alemtuzumab, Daclizumab and Rituximab (Borrero et al, 2012). All of these drugs target the immune system in different ways but some of them still present with some side effects as well which are discussed below. Starting with Lanquinimod, it is an immunomodulator that is currently being trialled in patients with RRMS and SPMS. It has a very small recommended dose of 0.6 mg daily and it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. These properties are believed to support the downregulation of MHC class II transcription factors, stimulation of neurotrophic factors, activation and up-regulation of the IL-4 pathway in CD4+ T cell for anti-inflammatory effects. It also promotes apoptosis in Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) and B-cells and also suppresses metabolism in CD14+ and natural killer cells (Thà ¶ne et al., 2016). It is currently undergoing Phase III trials and has resulted in 23% reduction in the rate of relapse of MS while there has been a 37% reduction in contrast enhancing lesions in volunteers (Borrero et al, 2012). Its side effect is only the upregulation of Liver Function Tests (LFTs) The second oral drug that is undergoing phase III clinical trials is Teriflunomide and it is being trialled for patients with RRMS and SPMS. Doses ranging from 7 to 14 mgs daily are recommended to be administered orally in patients. Its mode of action depends on sequestering the production of DNA pyrimidine bases by acting as an inhibitor for the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which is essential in de novo pyrimidine synthesis in T and B cells that are rapidly dividing. This reduces any inflammation that wouldve been caused by those cells and thus immune suppression is achieved. According to Borrero et al, it has a success rate of 61% in reducing contrast enhancing lesions, a rate of 30% in reducing Annualized relapse rates (ARRs) and disability progression was observed to be reduced to 23-30%. Terfilunomidess side effects include Nasopharyngitis; which is the inflammation of the nasopharyngeal duct, diarrhoea, back pain, fatigue, hair thinning, influenza, Urinary Tract Infecti on (UTI), nausea and elevated LFTs (Borrero et al, 2012). The third oral drug is Di-methyl fumarate (DMF) or BG-12. It is also undergoing type III clinical trials for patients with RRMS. Its suggested dose is 120-24 mg three times a day. It has shown a decrease of 69% in contrast enhancing lesions in its phase II trial and its phase III trials have so far showed 53% reduction in ARR, 38% reduction in disability progression and in 2 years, by 49% (Borrero et al, 2012). Di-methyl fumarates mode of action is still being debated but it is believed that it can regulate oxidative pathways which may in turn affect other signalling pathways that are responsible for inducing tissue damage. Studies by Moharregh -Khiabani et al in 2009 showed that DMF had an inhibitory effect on the nuclear factor NFÃŽ ºB dependant, TNF ÃŽ ± induced gene transcription in endothelial cells. It is also believed that DMF can stimulate cells to secrete cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4 and IL_5 which have anti-inflammatory properties thus allowing a more Th2 focused response than a Th1 one (Wierinckx et al., 2005). Moreover, DMF is believed to have a neuroprotective therapeutic effect as well. This occurs as it causes an upregulation in the levels of the detoxification enzyme; NADPH but like other emerging drugs, it has side effects. These side effects include diarrhoea, cramps, elevated LFT, nausea and can cause flushing and in very rare cases, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (MS Society 2016). Other novel therapies include the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for the treatment of MS. As of now, there are three that are undergoing phase II and III trials respectively. Alemtuzumab is one such mAb that is in its phase III clinical trial for patients with RRMS and SPMS. Its recommended dosage is Intravenous infusion of 12- 24 mg daily for a course of 5 days every month if its a 1 year course and this can be increased to 24mg on the 12th month. Its mode of action is causing the destruction of circulating immune cells by binding on to CD52 on mature leukocytes which results in the lysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes and macrophages as well (Hart and Bainbridge 2016). In phase III trials, it has so far shown up to 75% reduction in sustained accumulation disability and up to 74% reduction in relapse rate but has been associated with potentially increasing the risk of autoimmunity which included thyroiditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpur a, autoimmune thyroid-related problems, Goodpastures syndrome and also, can cause flushing and headaches (Borrero et al, 2012) . As of yet, it has not been approved by the FDA as it is still undergoing trials but it is used as a medication for treating a form of blood cancer called B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) (FDA 2016). References https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Wierinckx/publication/7750124_Detoxication_enzyme_inducers_modify_cytokine_production_in_rat_mixed_glial_cells/links/0c960534be656953a2000000/Detoxication-enzyme-inducers-modify-cytokine-production-in-rat-mixed-glial-cells.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724664/ http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1756285612450936 https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm082681.htm http://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2016/cost-effectiveness-multiple-sclerosis/cost-effectiveness-multiple-sclerosis-current-emerging-treatment/P-3 https://www.mssociety.org.uk/what-is-ms/treatments-and-therapies/licensed-disease-modifying-drugs/Tecfidera

Choreographer Busby Berkeley’s Contributions to Film Essays -- Arts Mo

Choreographer Busby Berkeley’s Contributions to Film Berkeley’s creations were not meant to focus on dance. He envisioned an overall moving pattern, which he created by using moving bodies. He made the art of choreography a technique of design and visual mathematics, and combined this with his knowledge of film to bring his vision to life on the big screen. The skill of this multi-talented man brought Hollywood musicals to their full potential, creating a high demand for dance in films. William Berkeley Enos was born November 29, 1895, in Los Angeles. He began his career as a choreographer in 1918 as a lieutenant in the army. Conducting and directing parades. He gained the ability to work with large masses of moving bodies to create a moving picture. He also worked as a choreographer to stage camp shows for the troops. It was not until his collaboration with producer Florence Ziegfeld that Berkeley began choreographing for films. When Ziegfeld decided to turn his production of Whoopee into a film, he asked Berkeley, who had become one of the top Broadway dance directors, to choreograph the dance routines. Berkeley, unhappy with the restrictions of his job, raised the bar for film choreographers by taking on decisions about camera angles and editing. Before Berkeley, these decisions had all been made by the director or the producer. One of Berkeley’s signature choices was to use only one camera. He also chose to use close-ups of the dancers in the chorus. He would say: â€Å"Well, we’ve got all these beautiful girls in the picture, why not let the public see them?† This approach showed that Berkeley understood that innovative filmmakers possess the ability to use the camera to show audiences what their normal sight does ... ... 1976. Although his death was tragic, Busby Berkeley will be remembered for his visionary talent. He has also been considered the creator of the formulaic marketing approaches you see today in music videos. As Larry Billman points out,â€Å"Berkeley’s ever-unfolding kaleidoscopic patterns and complete montage/ scenarios certainly had commercial advantage† (15). Berkeley embraced the possibility that the relationship between a camera and a moving body could bring a song to life. After his extravagant musical numbers, there was no doubt that the entire audience would leave the theater knowing the songs by heart. And so Berkeley was way ahead of his time. He could see within film a very important image, not the individual dancers themselves, but the dancing image. And with that he created sequences that remain some of the most beautiful spectacles on the screen.   

Tarahumara Indians

The Running People Rex Pace, an ultrarunner, once said, â€Å"Pushing your body past what you thought it was capable of is easy; the hard part is pushing yourself even further †¦ past what your mind wants to let you. That’s what ultrarunning is all about; introducing you to a self you’ve never known. † The human body can do amazing things, especially when it comes to running. Although most people think of running as a pain in the behind, a small minority are crazy about it. These people live and breathe running.People like a Scott Jurek, or Ann Trason, well known endurance runners, can clock in more than 150 miles a week because to them, running is not just a sport, but a lifestyle. Because of these people, ultrarunning was born and has taken its hold. All over the country, races anywhere from 50 to 300 miles long are taking place, and only the best runners complete them. That is, the runners who want to be known. However, there is a group of people who have been called â€Å"the finest natural distance runners in the world†, yet barely anyone has heard of them.These very shy and isolated people are known as the Tarahumara Indians, and they are incredible endurance runners. This is evident in the way they live and how they incorporate running as a part of their lifestyle. The Tarahumara Indians also call themselves the Raramuri, which translates to mean foot runner. These Indians live in the Sierra Madre of Mexico, in â€Å"small isolated clusters with most of the population concentrated in the†¦Copper Canyons† (Beauregard). The Copper Canyons consists of five canyons, three of which are deeper than the Grand Canyon.The terrain is very rugged, nearly impassable to outsiders, and there is a lot of vegetation. Due to cold temperatures, the soil is bad for growing crops, and so the â€Å"Tarahumara are semi-nomadic and cave dwellers for part of the year† (Beauregard). They also live under cliffs or in small cabin s. Because they live so deep within the Copper Canyons, they do not receive many visitors, so the Tarahumara are a very shy bunch. Life is very simple because â€Å"the Tarahumara still want nothing to do with money and material things that are not important to them† (Beauregard).Family and running are probably the two most important things to a Tarahumara Indian. Speaking of running, the incredible endurance of these Indians may be, in part, due to their healthy diet. The main staple food is corn. Almost everything the Tarahumara eat contains corn, such as their favorite: Pinole. Pinole is basically corn ground to a powder and then toasted. A few other common foods would be squash, beans, chili, wild greens, and handmade tortillas. Meat is only eaten on special occasions because animals are usually kept for farming purposes only.The Tarahumara eat â€Å"approximately 10% protein, 10% fat and 80% complex carbohydrates† (Lutz 31). This ratio keeps the Tarahumara fueled with energy all day long, and helps them stay fit by consuming so little fat. Although the â€Å"Tarahumara diet is very simple†¦nutritionists agree that it is very healthy† (Kennedy, 20) and is linked to why the Tarahumara are such great distance runners. They also have a special drink that can only classify as the best energy drink around.Made with only the seeds of the chia plant, water, and a little lime juice, this drink, which they call iskiate, can energize a person for the entire day. The chia seeds are tiny, but are â€Å"superpacked with omega-3s, omega-6s, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, fiber, and antioxidants†¦ [and aid in] building muscle, lowering cholesterol, and reducing your risk of heart disease† (McDougall, 44). Their diet keeps these Indians strong, fit, and always ready to run. For the Tarahumara, running is simply a part of daily life.In some ways, their running abilities are due to the biggest social event in their culture: the rarajipar i. The rarajipari, or foot throwing game, is a competition between the male adults of two neighboring villages that involves running along a set race course while â€Å"throwing† a wooden, baseball sized ball with the foot. The first team to cross the finish line with the ball wins. A game that lasts for two days â€Å"is not unusual†¦ and many [courses] are 60 to 90 miles long† (Kennedy, 92) or longer. The runners do not get breaks, but must constantly be alert at all times as to where the ball is, and no hands are allowed.In the beginning of a race, â€Å"spectators frequently run along with the runners†¦ [and] a great deal of fun is generated† (Lutz, 26). The game is taught to kids at an early age, and is the only sport the Tarahumara play. Competitions happen very often because â€Å"the rarajipari [is] the heart and soul of Tarahumara culture† (McDougall, 41). This game is part of the reason the Tarahumara are such great endurance runners, and without it they would not be the same people. However the rarajipari is not the only way the Tarahumara incorporate running into their lifestyle. The Indians run almost everywhere they go, apparently because they like to† (Lutz 33). There are almost no roads in the Sierra Madre, and most paths are rugged, steep and narrow. For this reason, foot travel is the preferred mode of transportation by the Tarahumara to get from point A to point B. If point B happens to be another village, it is most likely more than 50 miles away, so the Indians must be in amazing physical condition. It would not be uncommon for a Tarahumara to â€Å"run 200 miles over a period of three days and nights† (Lutz 22).Since they tend to move around according to the season, the family’s â€Å" small plots of land are frequently miles from where the family lives, [so] every member of the family must be able to travel long distances in order to perform his everyday tasks† (Lutz 33). A lso, when the Tarahumara go out hunting, they do not use traditional hunting techniques because they do not have guns or other weapons. Instead, â€Å"in order to catch such wild animals as deer, wild turkeys, and rabbits, the Tarahumara simply chase after the animal until the animal drops from exhaustion† (Beauregard).This is, again, an example of their super endurance and incorporation of running in their lives. When these amazing runners became known, a man named Rick Fisher, a wilderness photographer, decided it would be great publicity to sponsor an all-Tarahumara team and sign them up for the Leadville 100 mile race in Leadville, Colorado. Leadville happens to be the highest city in North America, and so the â€Å"Leadville Trail 100 boils down to nearly four full marathons, half of them in the dark, with twin twenty-six-hundred-foot climbs smack in the middle† (McDougall, 57).Basically, the trail is a nightmare, and only about 50% of the participants ever finish . So Mr. Fisher trekked into the Copper Canyons to find his all-star team, promised their village a pile of corn, and in 1993, Victoriano Churro, Cerrildo Chacarito, Manuel Luna and Felipe Torres ran the Leadville 100. About half way through the ultra-marathon â€Å"even the best ultrarunners†¦are heads down and digging deep†¦ [but] by mile 60, the Tarahumara were flying† (McDougall, 65). Victoriano, Cerrildo, and Manuel had swiftly crept up and passed all the other runners.In the end, Victoriano came in first, Cerrildo in second, and Manuel came in fifth because of a broken sandal. â€Å"The first non-Tarahumara finisher was nearly a full hour behind Victoriano†¦ [and the Indians] had done serious damage to the record book† (McDougall, 65). Having never trained for or run the Leadville 100 before, the Tarahumara team managed to grab three of the top five spots because of their amazing endurance. Later, in 2008, the Tarahumara participated in another ult ra-marathon. However, this race had never been run before, and will never be run again.Put together by a man who calls himself Caballo Blanco, a very good friend of the Tarahumara people, this race took place in Urique, Mexico, heart of the Tarahumara country. The start and finish line was the village of the Urique Tarahumara. Caballo Blanco had â€Å"laid out a diabolical course; [they would] be climbing and descending sixty-five hundred feet in fifty miles† (McDougall, 258) and the entire course had been planned â€Å"in a Y pattern, with the starting line dead in the center† (McDougall, 262).There were a total of 25 participants: 20 Tarahumara, including the legendary Arnulfo and Silvino, and 5 Americans, including Scott Jurek, one of the best ultra-marathoners in the world. When the race started, the Urique group bounded out with a burst of speed to lead the pack. However, it became suspicious when,â€Å"in the space of just four miles, the Urique crew had opened up a four minute lead†¦ [and so] they were disqualified† (McDougall, 262) for cheating. With the Urique out, Silvino and Arnulfo took the lead, with Scott Jurek right on their heels.In the end Arnulfo took the gold, Scott the silver, and Silvino the bronze. The last racer to finish, Christopher McDougall, crossed the finish line 12 hours after the race began, â€Å"meaning that Scott and Arnulfo could have run the course all over again and still have beaten [him]† (McDougall, 273). Most of the Tarahumara who competed finished the race within 6 or 7 hours, again displaying their incredible endurance. When it comes to the test, these Indians sure know how to take the gold. Completely isolated in the Sierra Madre from the rest of the world, these Indians and their abilities were unknown for a very long time.Many people still have never heard of them, but if they did, they would surely be blown away and inspired. The Tarahumara are the best endurance runners out there and completely by accident. Due to the simplicity of their lives, a very healthy diet, and the importance that running has in their lifestyle, the Tarahumara have every right to call themselves the Raramui, or running people. These Indians are an inspiration to me, and probably to many other runners out there. Hopefully one day I can be half as good an athlete as they are. Tarahumara Indians The Running People Rex Pace, an ultrarunner, once said, â€Å"Pushing your body past what you thought it was capable of is easy; the hard part is pushing yourself even further †¦ past what your mind wants to let you. That’s what ultrarunning is all about; introducing you to a self you’ve never known. † The human body can do amazing things, especially when it comes to running. Although most people think of running as a pain in the behind, a small minority are crazy about it. These people live and breathe running.People like a Scott Jurek, or Ann Trason, well known endurance runners, can clock in more than 150 miles a week because to them, running is not just a sport, but a lifestyle. Because of these people, ultrarunning was born and has taken its hold. All over the country, races anywhere from 50 to 300 miles long are taking place, and only the best runners complete them. That is, the runners who want to be known. However, there is a group of people who have been called â€Å"the finest natural distance runners in the world†, yet barely anyone has heard of them.These very shy and isolated people are known as the Tarahumara Indians, and they are incredible endurance runners. This is evident in the way they live and how they incorporate running as a part of their lifestyle. The Tarahumara Indians also call themselves the Raramuri, which translates to mean foot runner. These Indians live in the Sierra Madre of Mexico, in â€Å"small isolated clusters with most of the population concentrated in the†¦Copper Canyons† (Beauregard). The Copper Canyons consists of five canyons, three of which are deeper than the Grand Canyon.The terrain is very rugged, nearly impassable to outsiders, and there is a lot of vegetation. Due to cold temperatures, the soil is bad for growing crops, and so the â€Å"Tarahumara are semi-nomadic and cave dwellers for part of the year† (Beauregard). They also live under cliffs or in small cabin s. Because they live so deep within the Copper Canyons, they do not receive many visitors, so the Tarahumara are a very shy bunch. Life is very simple because â€Å"the Tarahumara still want nothing to do with money and material things that are not important to them† (Beauregard).Family and running are probably the two most important things to a Tarahumara Indian. Speaking of running, the incredible endurance of these Indians may be, in part, due to their healthy diet. The main staple food is corn. Almost everything the Tarahumara eat contains corn, such as their favorite: Pinole. Pinole is basically corn ground to a powder and then toasted. A few other common foods would be squash, beans, chili, wild greens, and handmade tortillas. Meat is only eaten on special occasions because animals are usually kept for farming purposes only.The Tarahumara eat â€Å"approximately 10% protein, 10% fat and 80% complex carbohydrates† (Lutz 31). This ratio keeps the Tarahumara fueled with energy all day long, and helps them stay fit by consuming so little fat. Although the â€Å"Tarahumara diet is very simple†¦nutritionists agree that it is very healthy† (Kennedy, 20) and is linked to why the Tarahumara are such great distance runners. They also have a special drink that can only classify as the best energy drink around.Made with only the seeds of the chia plant, water, and a little lime juice, this drink, which they call iskiate, can energize a person for the entire day. The chia seeds are tiny, but are â€Å"superpacked with omega-3s, omega-6s, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, fiber, and antioxidants†¦ [and aid in] building muscle, lowering cholesterol, and reducing your risk of heart disease† (McDougall, 44). Their diet keeps these Indians strong, fit, and always ready to run. For the Tarahumara, running is simply a part of daily life.In some ways, their running abilities are due to the biggest social event in their culture: the rarajipar i. The rarajipari, or foot throwing game, is a competition between the male adults of two neighboring villages that involves running along a set race course while â€Å"throwing† a wooden, baseball sized ball with the foot. The first team to cross the finish line with the ball wins. A game that lasts for two days â€Å"is not unusual†¦ and many [courses] are 60 to 90 miles long† (Kennedy, 92) or longer. The runners do not get breaks, but must constantly be alert at all times as to where the ball is, and no hands are allowed.In the beginning of a race, â€Å"spectators frequently run along with the runners†¦ [and] a great deal of fun is generated† (Lutz, 26). The game is taught to kids at an early age, and is the only sport the Tarahumara play. Competitions happen very often because â€Å"the rarajipari [is] the heart and soul of Tarahumara culture† (McDougall, 41). This game is part of the reason the Tarahumara are such great endurance runners, and without it they would not be the same people. However the rarajipari is not the only way the Tarahumara incorporate running into their lifestyle. The Indians run almost everywhere they go, apparently because they like to† (Lutz 33). There are almost no roads in the Sierra Madre, and most paths are rugged, steep and narrow. For this reason, foot travel is the preferred mode of transportation by the Tarahumara to get from point A to point B. If point B happens to be another village, it is most likely more than 50 miles away, so the Indians must be in amazing physical condition. It would not be uncommon for a Tarahumara to â€Å"run 200 miles over a period of three days and nights† (Lutz 22).Since they tend to move around according to the season, the family’s â€Å" small plots of land are frequently miles from where the family lives, [so] every member of the family must be able to travel long distances in order to perform his everyday tasks† (Lutz 33). A lso, when the Tarahumara go out hunting, they do not use traditional hunting techniques because they do not have guns or other weapons. Instead, â€Å"in order to catch such wild animals as deer, wild turkeys, and rabbits, the Tarahumara simply chase after the animal until the animal drops from exhaustion† (Beauregard).This is, again, an example of their super endurance and incorporation of running in their lives. When these amazing runners became known, a man named Rick Fisher, a wilderness photographer, decided it would be great publicity to sponsor an all-Tarahumara team and sign them up for the Leadville 100 mile race in Leadville, Colorado. Leadville happens to be the highest city in North America, and so the â€Å"Leadville Trail 100 boils down to nearly four full marathons, half of them in the dark, with twin twenty-six-hundred-foot climbs smack in the middle† (McDougall, 57).Basically, the trail is a nightmare, and only about 50% of the participants ever finish . So Mr. Fisher trekked into the Copper Canyons to find his all-star team, promised their village a pile of corn, and in 1993, Victoriano Churro, Cerrildo Chacarito, Manuel Luna and Felipe Torres ran the Leadville 100. About half way through the ultra-marathon â€Å"even the best ultrarunners†¦are heads down and digging deep†¦ [but] by mile 60, the Tarahumara were flying† (McDougall, 65). Victoriano, Cerrildo, and Manuel had swiftly crept up and passed all the other runners.In the end, Victoriano came in first, Cerrildo in second, and Manuel came in fifth because of a broken sandal. â€Å"The first non-Tarahumara finisher was nearly a full hour behind Victoriano†¦ [and the Indians] had done serious damage to the record book† (McDougall, 65). Having never trained for or run the Leadville 100 before, the Tarahumara team managed to grab three of the top five spots because of their amazing endurance. Later, in 2008, the Tarahumara participated in another ult ra-marathon. However, this race had never been run before, and will never be run again.Put together by a man who calls himself Caballo Blanco, a very good friend of the Tarahumara people, this race took place in Urique, Mexico, heart of the Tarahumara country. The start and finish line was the village of the Urique Tarahumara. Caballo Blanco had â€Å"laid out a diabolical course; [they would] be climbing and descending sixty-five hundred feet in fifty miles† (McDougall, 258) and the entire course had been planned â€Å"in a Y pattern, with the starting line dead in the center† (McDougall, 262).There were a total of 25 participants: 20 Tarahumara, including the legendary Arnulfo and Silvino, and 5 Americans, including Scott Jurek, one of the best ultra-marathoners in the world. When the race started, the Urique group bounded out with a burst of speed to lead the pack. However, it became suspicious when,â€Å"in the space of just four miles, the Urique crew had opened up a four minute lead†¦ [and so] they were disqualified† (McDougall, 262) for cheating. With the Urique out, Silvino and Arnulfo took the lead, with Scott Jurek right on their heels.In the end Arnulfo took the gold, Scott the silver, and Silvino the bronze. The last racer to finish, Christopher McDougall, crossed the finish line 12 hours after the race began, â€Å"meaning that Scott and Arnulfo could have run the course all over again and still have beaten [him]† (McDougall, 273). Most of the Tarahumara who competed finished the race within 6 or 7 hours, again displaying their incredible endurance. When it comes to the test, these Indians sure know how to take the gold. Completely isolated in the Sierra Madre from the rest of the world, these Indians and their abilities were unknown for a very long time.Many people still have never heard of them, but if they did, they would surely be blown away and inspired. The Tarahumara are the best endurance runners out there and completely by accident. Due to the simplicity of their lives, a very healthy diet, and the importance that running has in their lifestyle, the Tarahumara have every right to call themselves the Raramui, or running people. These Indians are an inspiration to me, and probably to many other runners out there. Hopefully one day I can be half as good an athlete as they are.