The British Imperialistic Presence In Northern Ireland History Essay

The British Imperialistic Presence In Northern Ireland History Essay The contention in Northern Ireland in different writing and investigates has been introduced to us at its generally essential as a battle between the individuals who wish to see Northern Ireland remain some portion of the United Kingdom and the individuals who wish to see the reunification of the island of Ireland; the Protestants and Catholic separately. Be that as it may, lessening the entire reason for this contention to this point alone is blindfolding and staying at its manifestation level. Note that the contention was because of agglomeration of various factors, for example, the verifiable advancement of the Irish people group, religion, governmental issues, and financial matters . Noticeable among these elements was the British imperialistic nearness in Northern Ireland going back the early vestige and their arrangement of partition and rule. The transaction of these components made a liquid circumstance which was topped off by a savagery that guaranteed a large number of live s, properties obliterated and, saw Irish people group increasingly divided . Accordingly, this reflection paper will concentrate on how the British imperialistic nearness from early relic among different elements planted the weeds that chocked the seed of serene concurrence and solidarity planted by Christianity in the protestant and Catholic people group of Ireland. The authentic development of the British factor follows its foundations from the principal Norman attack of the island of Ireland around 1169. This intrusion was the beginning stage of direct remote principle in Ireland, first by the English and later by the British commitment in Ireland. By this standard the entire Irish social framework was not upgraded yet ended and solidified in this way making the historical backdrop of Ireland a continuum of endeavors to battle against persecution from remote guideline and social abuse. They needed to fight against the intensity of the blade with which the island was vanquished and abused by the Norman trespassers. The failure of the Irish to oppose and vanquish the intrusion came about in to the damage and loss of their customary faction framework dependent on common responsibility for and this was supplanted by an exploitative framework that saw a significant part of the Irish land and riches trading singular hands in opposition to what existed previously. Thusly, the Irish, who were significantly Catholics lost hold of their property and got landless in their own nation with quite a bit of their territory finishing off with the hands of the alleged grower, who were significantly protestants from England and Scotland. With this, strict hostility was at that point made. It was out of these grower that the British later made protestant government in Ireland as these grower progressively turned out to be profoundly established and ingested the indigenous Irish lifestyle. In this sort of battle for land proprietorship, strife through defiance was unavoidable not just between the failures and victors of this battle (the Irish and the Planter separately) yet in addition among the champs themselves(the grower) who were also battling among themselves to pick up responsibility for land. This was one of the early clashing circumstances Britain exploited through their arrangement of separation and rule. As Hadden Peter puts it, à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬Ã£â€¦ â€Å"to rule notwithstanding these rebellions the British decided to isolate. Religion was the picked instrument of division. Strict bigotry, the encouraging of common doubt, contempt and viciousness among Catholic and Protestant this turned into the shield of the decision organization against the oust by the peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ (Hadden P, 1980) . With various social, financial and strict contrasts previously existing in the Irish society, a simpler and an ideal situation was accommodated the British to practice their partition and rule strategy which kept the Irish individuals battling one another and made it workable for the British to propel their imperialistic advantages in the entire of the Island. As such, it was simpler for the British to annihilation and rule the Irish while separated other than while bound together. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Britain had just settled her imperialistic force in the entire of Ireland typifying her as a major aspect of the United Kingdom. This remained genuine annoyance of the Irish individuals who needed to flee from the British dominion and structure a bound together republic of Ireland. The British actualized their frontier strategy of gap and rule in Ireland by keeping high financial, social, political and strict difference between the star British north and the remainder of Ireland that stayed enemy of British. Economically,the north turned out to be all the more impressive as industry and assembling accomplished enormous development, extended to better employment opportunities and better day to day environments, while in the south the opposite was valid. The British figured out how to make protestant theocracy in the south who possessed a significant part of the land and assets and this uncovered the Catholic populace in the south to miserabl e states of neediness, joblessness and inertness . This later turned into a key factor in the contention as the sidelined Irish populace started upsetting for their government assistance in looking for social equity. The British effective arranged a fight ground through their separation and rule strategy. The British imperialistic impact in Ireland further made more mayhem as it alienated the north and south of the nation by passing the legislature of Ireland Act in 1920. By this Act, Ireland was part in into two diverse politically feasible substances, each met with the forces of pseudo self-government. This Act was gotten with blended responses in that the Catholics basically in the southern piece of Ireland, who considered it to be a propagation of British dominion disproved it yet the Ulster Protestants in the north, who considered it to be an ideal move to keep their binds with England (protestantism) assented to the Act. The procedure of social and social dispersion and solidarity through exchange, intermarriage, agreeable living, relocation and settlement anyplace in Ireland was upset halfway on the grounds that the British at that point accentuated the distinctions and biases that encouraged contempt and division as opposed to the similitudes between the individuals of Ireland that would advance solidarity and amicable living. This was an intentional demonstration by the British to propagate their power over northern Ireland with the thinking that the partition would give every nation self-sufficiency to deal with their own issues and that they would keep ruling Northern Ireland individuals, who were increasingly alright with their standard consequently deleting the thought of the battle for a bound together Republic of Ireland that would either naturally expel them from the Island or choke out their impact in the Island. This exploitative move by the British just prevailing with regards to tossing the nation in to division and ridiculous clash in opposition to what they anticipated. The British further sustained their government in Ireland in late 1960s during a fierce fight the included the protestants and the Catholics in Belfast and Londonderry. While trying to suppress this fight and realize harmony, the British government following 10 years looked to the utilization of her relentless military force by sending troopers to Northern Ireland. What stayed baffling was whether the inclusion of the British warriors in this fight was to assume a nonpartisan job or just to secure their imperialistic advantages that were being compromised by the course of this contention. In any case, the proceeded with commitment of the British fighters later addressed this riddle as the officers settled on various events to take parts in various clashes siding more with the unionists who were advancing their inclinations while then again utilized lopsided military power to crackdown shows, and uprising of the patriots, whom they viewed as against British. With this sort of improvement, one would handily see that the British had front rationale to keep this contention alive so as to expand an immediate guideline over Ireland for the sake of reestablishing harmony. They simply needed to make roads for staying pilgrim aces in Northern Ireland, subsequently the contention. All in all, regardless of the way that there were various other factor which brought the Irish into strife, the British with their pioneer strategies arranged the weed bed and planted the weed against which the Irish were isolated, debilitated and neglected to remove it however essentially supported it to their impediment. At the end of the day, behind this contention was British colonialism and for this imperialistic intuition to endure, the British needed to separate the individuals of Ireland, who might keep battling one another and stay frail so it turns out to be anything but difficult to govern them. Shockingly, religion was chosen by the British as the best way to gap and later to lead the individuals of Ireland, in this manner making the circumstance we read, watch, and know about today in Ireland. Along these lines, not referencing it would watch out for what was obvious, that the British frontier nearness in Ireland from early artifact to a broaden was an impetus in this co ntention.

Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Buddhism - Research Paper Example Gautama Buddha additionally presented the idea of Nirvana, which expressed that subsequent to carrying out all the beneficial things conceivable, an individual would accomplish the most elevated level of everlasting joy. Buddhism can be ordered into Theravada and Mahayana and is spread over the nations including Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Japan and other eastern countries in the Asian landmass. The part of Vajrayana is for the most part drilled in Tibet and Mongolia, making Buddhism the most rehearsed religion in the locale of Asia. â€Å"Estimates of Buddhists overall differ essentially relying upon the manner in which Buddhist adherence is characterized. Lower gauges are between 350â€500 million† (Lopez). The essentials of Buddhist traditions, societies and practices are customarily founded on the Three Gems, the Buddha, the lessons and the general public. â€Å"Taking refugeâ in the triple pearl has customarily been an announcement and promise to being on the Buddhist way and by and large recognizes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist† (Padmasambhava, Kontrul and Kunsang). There are other various practices in the religion of Buddhism as well. These especially incorporate good standards, backing of society and the network, setting aside the rich way of life and adjusting to the kind of the existence that Gautama Buddha lived. It likewise advances the self-improvement through the improvement of the psyche and thinking at whatever point required. Besides, there is promotion of accomplishing a more elevated level of insight and knowledge by picking up of the common and the awesome information, particularly, the lessons of Gautama Buddha, leading an exhaustive investigation of the original copies and committing one’s self to the reason for the government assistance of others. With these Gautama Buddha had yearned for a perfect society, for he accepted that rehearsing his convictions would not just lead to a tranquil and an amicable society, y et additionally guarantee that there are no infringement of human rights. On the off chance that the historical backdrop of the religion of Buddhism is brought under philosophical investigation, it would become clear that Buddhism had its underlying foundations implanted in the strict the state of affairs of India, around then, which is accepted to be a couple of years before the introduction of Christ. During this period, the Indian locales just as different nations of Asia were soiled by the social contrasts. There additionally existed tumult on the finish of the religion, since India was separated into the rank framework, which was a significant aftereffect of social partition in the country. â€Å"It was tested by various newâ asceticâ religious and philosophical gatherings and lessons that broke with the Brahmanic convention and dismissed the authority of the Vedasand the Brahmans† (Warder).â Looking at the motivation from where the religion of Buddhism initiat ed, clearly Gautama Buddha also surrendered his life so as to accomplish the previously mentioned unceasing harmony and joy, which he named as Nirvana. Subsequent to seeing the savagery and foul play in the general public, â€Å"Gautama was resolved to finish his otherworldly journey. At 35 years old, he broadly sat inmeditationâ under aâ sacred figâ tree †known as the Bodhi treeâ †in the town of Bodh Gaya, India, and promised not to ascend before achievingâ enlightenment. After numerous days, he at last devastated theâ fettersâ of his psyche, therebyâ liberating himselfâ from theâ cycle of misery and resurrection, and emerged as aâ fully edified being. Before long, he pulled in a band of adherents and organized aâ monastic request. Presently, as the Buddha, he spent a mind-blowing remainder instructing

Book Riots Deals of the Day for December 4th, 2019

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Sample Graduate School Recommendation by a Professor

The success of your graduate school application relies on the quality of the recommendation letters professors write on your behalf. What goes into a helpful recommendation letter? Check out the sample letter of recommendation written by a professor. What makes it work? An Effective Recommendation Letter for Graduate School   Explains how the professor knows the student. The professor speaks to the student’s abilities in several contexts rather than just in class.Is detailed.Supports statements with specific examples.Compares a student to her peers and the letter explains exactly what makes the student stand out.Describes a students capacities in specific ways rather than simply noting that she is an excellent student prepared for grad school. Below is the body of an effective recommendation letter, written by a professor. To: Graduate Admissions Committee It is my pleasure to write on behalf of Jane Student, who is applying to the Ph.D. program in Research Psychology at Major University. I have interacted with Jane in several contexts: as a student, as a teaching assistant, and as a thesis mentee. I first met Jane in 2008, when she enrolled in my introductory Psychology class. Jane immediately stood out from the crowd, even as a first-semester freshman. Just a few months out of high school, Jane demonstrated characteristics commonly held by the best college students. She was attentive in class, prepared, submitted well-written and thoughtful assignments, and participated in meaningful ways, such as by debating other students. Throughout, Jane modeled critical thinking skills. Needless to say, Jane earned one of five A’s awarded in that class of 75 students. Since her first semester in college Jane has enrolled in six of my classes. She demonstrated similar competencies, and her skills grew with each semester. Most striking is her ability to tackle challenging material with enthusiasm and endurance. I teach a required course in Statistics that, as rumor has it, most students dread. Students’ fears of statistics are legendary across institutions, but Jane wasn†™t fazed. As usual, she was prepared for class, completed all assignments, and attended help sessions conducted by my teaching assistant. My teaching assistant reported that Jane seemed to learn concepts quickly, learning how to solve problems well before the other students. When placed in group work sessions, Jane easily adopted a leadership role, helping her peers learn how to solve problems on their own. It was these competencies that led me to offer Jane a position as a teaching assistant for my statistics class. As a teaching assistant, Jane strengthened many of the skills I have articulated. In this position, Jane held review sessions and offered out-of-class assistance to students. She also lectured in class several times during the semester. Her first lecture was a bit shaky. She clearly knew the concepts but had difficulty keeping pace with PowerPoint slides. When she abandoned the slides and worked off the blackboard, she improved. She was able to answer students questions and the two that she couldn’t answer, she admitted to and said she’d get back to them. As a first lecture, she was very good. Most important to a career in academics, is that she improved in subsequent lectures. Leadership, humility, the ability to see areas in need of improvement, and the willingness to do the work needed to improve – these are all characteristics we value in academia. Most important to a career in academics is research competence. As I have explained, Jane has an excellent grasp of statistics and other skills critical to a successful career in research, such as tenacity and excellent problem solving and critical thinking skills. As mentor of her senior thesis, I witnessed Jane in her first independent research efforts. Similar to other students, Jane struggled with finding an appropriate topic. Unlike other students, she conducted mini literature reviews on potential topics and discussed her ideas with a sophistication that is unusual for undergraduates. After methodical study, she chose a topic that fits her academic goals. Jane’s project examined [X]. Her project earned a department award, university award, and was presented as a paper at a regional psychology association. In closing, I believe that Jane student has the capacity to excel at X and in a career as a research psychologist. She is one of a small handful of student that I have encountered in my 16 years teaching undergraduates that has this ability. Please do not hesitate to contact me with further questions. Why This Letter Is Effective It is written by a professor who has extensive experience with the applicant.The professor describes several aspects of the students competence.It describes how the student has grown and developed her skills. What does this mean for you as a potential applicant to grad school? Work to foster close, multidimensional relationships with faculty. Develop good relationships with several faculty because one professor often cannot comment on all of your strengths. Good graduate school letters of recommendation are built over time. Take that time to get to know professors and for them to get to know you.

National Environmental Policy Act ( Usfs ) - 2252 Words

In 2002, President Bush established the Healthy Forest Initiative. This was his response to a multitude of forest fires during the year 2000. The initiative would allow for swift responses to the threats of wildfires. The process in which the United States Forest Service (USFS) goes about reducing the forest fires includes the thinning of forests by timbering, and removal of hazardous materials such as small trees, species of brush and shrub, logs, stumps, and whatever material could lead to an increase in forest fires or their severity. Most materials that could lead to an increase in forest fires are seen and defined as hazardous fuels. Reducing forest fires seems like a noble idea, especially when seeing the damaged caused after that fire season during the year 2000; however, the way in which the U.S. Forest Service is going about the removing of these hazardous fuels has come under much scrutiny. Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), with additions from after the en actment of the Healthy Forest Initiative, the U.S. Forest Service is allowed to remove hazardous fuels or reduce the threat of wildfires without doing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or an Environmental Analysis (EA) under a categorical exclusion. A categorical exclusion being defined under NEPA  §1.3 as â€Å"a category of actions that have no potential for significant environmental impacts, you may categorically exclude the action from analysis in an EA or EIS before deciding to implementShow MoreRelatedHow Does The Governmental Transfer Of Power Impacts Wildlife And The Workforces That Conserve And Protect Wildlife?1538 Words   |  7 Pagesconservation and policy, due to varying opinions of the governmental officials formerly in command, contrasted with the present government officials in power. This may develop contrasting concepts on former, future, and present laws within the Environmental Protection Agency, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the United Sta tes Forest Service, and the National Resource Conservation Service. Governmental changes in administrations directly and indirectly impact wildlife conservation, policy, and fundingRead MoreProject Management, Stakeholder, And Technical Expertise For Multi Disciplinary Environmental Authority And Regulatory Compliance Projects1688 Words   |  7 Pagesstakeholder management, and technical expertise for multi-disciplinary environmental permitting and regulatory compliance projects. She is experienced with managing technical teams for both large and small projects and serves as the lead on projects undergoing the federal, state, and local environmental review processes. 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Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, andRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSituational Factors Affecting Team Development 378 xvi Contents Development of an Earned Value Cost/Schedule System 458 What Costs Are Included in Baselines? 461 Methods of Variance Analysis 461 Chapter 15 International Projects Environmental Factors Legal/Political 534 Security 535 Geography 536 Economic 536 Infrastructure 538 Culture 538 532 534 Developing a Status Report: A Hypothetical Example 463 Assumptions 463 Baseline Development 463 Development of the Status Report

Foundation and Empire 24. Convert Free Essays

The thin life of Trantor trickled to nothing when they entered among the wide-spaced buildings of the University grounds. There was a solemn and lonely silence over it. The strangers of the Foundation knew nothing of the swirling days and nights of the bloody Sack that had left the University untouched. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 24. Convert or any similar topic only for you Order Now They knew nothing of the time after the collapse of the Imperial power, when the students, with their borrowed weapons, and their pale-faced inexperienced bravery, formed a protective volunteer army to protect the central shrine of the science of the Galaxy. They knew nothing of the Seven Days Fight, and the armistice that kept the University free, when even the Imperial palace clanged with the boots of Gilmer and his soldiers, during the short interval of their rule. Those of the Foundation, approaching for the first time, realized only that in a world of transition from a gutted old to a strenuous new this area was a quiet, graceful museum-piece of ancient greatness. They were intruders in a sense. The brooding emptiness rejected them. The academic atmosphere seemed still to live and to stir angrily at the disturbance. The library was a deceptively small building which broadened out vastly underground into a mammoth volume of silence and reverie. Ebling Mis paused before the elaborate murals of the reception room. He whispered – one had to whisper here: â€Å"I think we passed the catalog rooms back a way. I’ll stop there.† His forehead was flushed, his hand trembling, â€Å"I mustn’t be disturbed, Toran. Will you bring my meals down to me?† â€Å"Anything you say. We’ll do all we can to help. Do you want us to work under you-â€Å" â€Å"No. I must be alone-â€Å" â€Å"You think you will get what you want.† And Ebling Mis replied with a soft certainty, â€Å"I know I will!† Toran and Bayta came closer to â€Å"setting up housekeeping† in normal fashion than at any time in their year of married life. It was a strange sort of â€Å"housekeeping.† They lived in the middle of grandeur with an inappropriate simplicity. Their food was drawn largely from Lee Senter’s farm and was paid for in the little nuclear gadgets that may be found on any Trader’s ship. Magnifico taught himself how to use the projectors in the library reading room, and sat over adventure novels and romances to the point where he was almost as forgetful of meals and sleep as was Ebling Mis. Ebling himself was completely buried. He had insisted on a hammock being slung up for him in the Psychology Reference Room. His face grew thin and white. His vigor of speech was lost and his favorite curses had died a mild death. There were times when the recognition of either Toran or Bayta seemed a struggle. He was more himself with Magnifico who brought him his meals and often sat watching him for hours at a time, with a queer, fascinated absorption, as the aging psychologist transcribed endless equations, cross-referred to endless book-films, scurried endlessly about in a wild mental effort towards an end he alone saw. Toran came upon her in the darkened room, and said sharply, â€Å"Bayta!† Bayta started guiltily. â€Å"Yes? You want me, Torie?† â€Å"Sure I want you. What in Space are you sitting there for? You’ve been acting all wrong since we got to Trantor. What’s the matter with you?† â€Å"Oh, Torie, stop,† she said, wearily. And â€Å"Oh, Torie, stop!† he mimicked impatiently. Then, with sudden softness, â€Å"Won’t you tell me what’s wrong, Bay? Something’s bothering you.† â€Å"No! Nothing is, Torie. If you keep on just nagging and nagging, you’ll have me mad. I’m just – thinking.† â€Å"Thinking about what?† â€Å"About nothing. Well, about the Mule, and Haven, and the Foundation, and everything. About Ebling Mis and whether he’ll find anything about the Second Foundation, and whether it will help us when he does find it – and a million other things. Are you satisfied?† Her voice was agitated. â€Å"If you’re just brooding, do you mind stopping? It isn’t pleasant and it doesn’t help the situation.† Bayta got to her feet and smiled weakly. â€Å"All right. I’m happy. See, I’m smiling and jolly. â€Å" Magnifico’s voice was an agitated cry outside. â€Å"My lady-â€Å" â€Å"What is it? Come-â€Å" Bayta’s voice choked off sharply when the opening door framed the large, hard-faced- â€Å"Pritcher,† cried Toran. Bayta gasped, â€Å"Captain! How did you find us?† Han Pritcher stepped inside. His voice was clear and level, and utterly dead of feeling, â€Å"My rank is colonel now – under the Mule.† â€Å"Under the†¦ Mule!† Toran’s voice trailed off. They formed a tableau there, the three. Magnifico stared wildly and shrank behind Toran. Nobody stopped to notice him. Bayta said, her hands trembling in each other’s tight grasp, â€Å"You are arresting us? You have really gone over to them?† The colonel replied quickly, â€Å"I have not come to arrest you. My instructions make no mention of you. With regard to you, I am free, and I choose to exercise our old friendship, if you will let me.† Toran’s face was a twisted suppression of fury, â€Å"How did you find us? You were in the Filian ship, then? You followed us?† The wooden lack of expression on Pritcher’s face might have flickered in embarrassment. â€Å"I was on the Filian ship! I met you in the first place†¦ well†¦ by chance.† â€Å"It is a chance that is mathematically impossible.† â€Å"No. Simply rather improbable, so my statement will have to stand. In any case, you admitted to the. Filians – there is, of course, no such nation as Filia actually – that you were heading for the Trantor sector, and since the Mule already had his contacts upon Neotrantor, it was easy to have you detained there. Unfortunately, you got away before I arrived, but not long before. I had time to have the farms on Trantor ordered to report your arrival. It was done and I am here. May I sit down? I come in friendliness, believe me. He sat. Toran bent his head and thought futilely. With a numbed lack of emotion, Bayta prepared tea. Toran looked up harshly. â€Å"Well, what are you waiting for – colonel? What’s your friendship? If it’s not arrest, what is it then? Protective custody? Call in your men and give your orders.† Patiently, Pritcher shook his head. â€Å"No, Toran. I come of my own will to speak to you, to persuade you of the uselessness of what you are doing. If I fail I shall leave. That is all.† â€Å"That is all? Well, then peddle your propaganda, give us your speech, and leave. I don’t want any tea, Bayta.† Pritcher accepted a cup, with a grave word of thanks. He looked at Toran with a clear strength as he sipped lightly. Then he said, â€Å"The Mule is a mutant. He can not be beaten in the very nature of the mutation-â€Å" â€Å"Why? What is the mutation?† asked Toran, with sour humor. â€Å"I suppose you’ll tell us now, eh?† â€Å"Yes, I will. Your knowledge won’t hurt him. You see – he is capable of adjusting the emotional balance of human beings. It sounds like a little trick, but it’s quite unbeatable.† Bayta broke in, â€Å"The emotional balance?† She frowned, â€Å"Won’t you explain that? I don’t quite understand.† â€Å"I mean that it is an easy matter for him to instill into a capable general, say, the emotion of utter loyalty to the Mule and complete belief in the Mule’s victory. His generals are emotionally controlled. They can not betray him; they can not weaken – and the control is permanent. His most capable enemies become his most faithful subordinates, The warlord of Kalgan surrenders his planet and becomes his viceroy for the Foundation.† â€Å"And you,† added Bayta, bitterly, â€Å"betray your cause and become Mule’s envoy to Trantor. I see!† â€Å"I haven’t finished. The Mule’s gift works in reverse even more effectively. Despair is an emotion! At the crucial moment, keymen on the Foundation – keymen on Haven – despaired. Their worlds fell without too much struggle.† â€Å"Do you mean to say,† demanded Bayta, tensely, â€Å"that the feeling I had in the Time Vault was the Mule juggling my emotional control.† â€Å"Mine, too. Everyone’s. How was it on Haven towards the end?† Bayta turned away. Colonel Pritcher continued earnestly, â€Å"As it works for worlds, so it works for individuals. Can you fight a force which can make you surrender willingly when it so desires; can make you a faithful servant when it so desires?† Toran said slowly, â€Å"How do I know this is the truth?† â€Å"Can you explain the fall of the Foundation and of Haven otherwise? Can you explain my conversion otherwise? Think, man! What have you – or I – or the whole Galaxy accomplished against the Mule in all this time? What one little thing?† Toran felt the challenge, â€Å"By the Galaxy, I can!† With a sudden touch of fierce satisfaction, he shouted, â€Å"Your wonderful Mule had contacts with Neotrantor you say that were to have detained us, eh? Those contacts are dead or worse. We killed the crown prince and left the other a whimpering idiot. The Mule did not stop us there, and that much has been undone.† â€Å"Why, no, not at all. Those weren’t our men. The crown prince was a wine-soaked mediocrity. The other man, Commason, is phenomenally stupid. He was a power on his world but that didn’t prevent him from being vicious, evil, and completely incompetent. We had nothing really to do with them. They were, in a sense, merely feints-â€Å" â€Å"It was they who detained us, or tried.† â€Å"Again, no. Commason had a personal slave – a man called Inchney. Detention was his policy. He is old, but will serve our temporary purpose. You would not have killed him, you see.† Bayta whirled on him. She had not touched her own tea. â€Å"But, by your very statement, your own emotions have been tampered with. You’ve got faith and belief in the Mule, an unnatural, a diseased faith in the Mule. Of what value are your opinions? You’ve lost all power of objective thought.† â€Å"You are wrong.† Slowly, the colonel shook his head. â€Å"Only my emotions are fixed. My reason is as it always was. It may be influenced in a certain direction by my conditioned emotions, but it is not forced. And there are some things I can see more clearly now that I am freed of my earlier emotional trend. â€Å"I can see that the Mule’s program is an intelligent and worthy one. In the time since I have been – converted, I have followed his career from its start seven years ago. With his mutant mental power, he began by winning over a condottiere and his band. With that – and his power – he won a planet. With that – and his power – he extended his grip until he could tackle the warlord of Kalgan. Each step followed the other logically. With Kalgan in his pocket, he had a first-class fleet, and with that – and his power – he could attack the Foundation. â€Å"The Foundation is the key. It is the greatest area of industrial concentration in the Galaxy, and now that the nuclear techniques of the Foundation are in his hands, he is the actual master of the Galaxy. With those techniques – and his power – he can force the remnants of the Empire to acknowledge his rule, and eventually – with the death of the old emperor, who is mad and not long for this world – to crown him emperor. He will then have the name as well as the fact. With that – and his power – where is the world in the Galaxy that can oppose him? â€Å"In these last seven years, he has established a new Empire. In seven years, in other words, he will have accomplished what all Seldon’s psychohistory could not have done in less than an additional seven hundred. The Galaxy will have peace and order at last. â€Å"And you could not stop it – any more than you could stop a planet’s rush with your shoulders.† A long silence followed Pritcher’s speech. What remained of his tea had grown cold. He emptied his cup, filled it again, and drained it slowly. Toran bit viciously at a thumbnail. Bayta’s face was cold, and distant, and white. Then Bayta said in a thin voice, â€Å"We are not convinced. If the Mule wishes us to be, let him come here and condition us himself. You fought him until the last moment of your conversion, I imagine, didn’t you?† â€Å"I did,† said Colonel Pritcher, solemnly. â€Å"Then allow us the same privilege.† Colonel Pritcher arose. With a crisp air of finality, he said, â€Å"Then I leave. As I said earlier, my mission at present concerns you in no way. Therefore, I don’t think it will be necessary to report your presence here. That is not too great a kindness. If the Mule wishes you stopped, he no doubt has other men assigned to the job, and you will be stopped. But, for what it is worth, I shall not contribute more than my requirement.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Bayta faintly. â€Å"As for Magnifico. Where is he? Come out, Magnifico, I won’t hurt you-â€Å" â€Å"What about him?† demanded Bayta, with sudden animation. â€Å"Nothing. My instructions make no mention of him, either. I have heard that he is searched for, but the Mule will find him when the time suits him. I shall say nothing. Will you shake hands?† Bayta shook her head. Toran glared his frustrated contempt. There was the slightest lowering of the colonel’s iron shoulders. He strode to the door, turned and said: â€Å"One last thing. Don’t think I am not aware of the source of your stubbornness. It is known that you search for the Second Foundation. The Mule, in his time, will take his measures. Nothing will help you – But I knew you in other times; perhaps there is something in my conscience that urged me to this; at any rate, I tried to help you and remove you from the final danger before it was too late. Good-by.† He saluted sharply – and was gone. Bayta turned to a silent Toran, and whispered, â€Å"They even know about the Second Foundation.† In the recesses of the library, Ebling Mis, unaware of all, crouched under the one spark of light amid the murky spaces and mumbled triumphantly to himself. How to cite Foundation and Empire 24. Convert, Essay examples

Book Report On The Outsiders Essay Example For Students

Book Report On The Outsiders Essay Ponyboy Curtis Ponyboy is a fourteen-year-old member of a gang called the Greasers. His parents died in a car accident, so he lives alone with his two older brothers, Darry and Soda. He is a good student and athlete, but most people at school consider him a vagrant like his Greaser friends. Sodapop Curtis Soda is Ponys handsome, charming older brother. He dropped out of school to work at a gas station, and does not share his brothers interest in studying and sports. Darrel Curtis The oldest of the Curtis boys, Darry is also the acknowledged leader of the Greasers. Johnny Cade Johnny is Ponys closest friend and the gangs pet. They are especially protective of him since he is smaller than the rest, his father beats him, and he is afraid to walk the streets alone after being attacked by a group of Socs. Cherry Valance Cherry is from the richer part of town and associates mainly with the Socs, but she befriends Pony and the other Greasers and gives them information about the Socs. B ob Gardner Bob is Cherrys boyfriend. Johnny murders Bob to stop him from killing Pony. Dallas Winston A member of the Greasers, Dally has spent time in prison. He helps Johnny and Pony by telling them to go to Jay Mountain to hide out and by giving them money. Two-Bit Mathews The Greasers oldest member. He acts like a mentor or mascot to the Greasers. Steve Randle Sodas best friend and another member of the Greasers. The Outsiders is a coming-of-age story about a group of boys engaged in a dangerous feud with the wealthier residents of their town. The narrator, Ponyboy Curtis, is a teenager who lives alone with his two brothers. He is interested in academics and sports, but does not receive the same respect and treatment granted to the wealthier kids, who belong to a different gang called the Socs. Pony has long hair, which he greases; he knows that people consider him a juvenile delinquent based on his appearance. Pony is not content with his situation; he worries that his brother does not want to take care of him and constantly fears attacks by the Socs. Things get much worse, however, when he and his friend Johnny go to a park late at night. The Socs attack them there and dunk Ponys head in a fountain, long enough to make him unconscious and almost drown him. When he wakes up, he realizes that one of the Socs is dead, and that Johnny killed him. The two boys run away with the help of their friend Dally, who tells them to go to an abandoned church on Jay Mountain. They hide out for a week, and then Dally comes to find them. Johnny wants to go back to turn himself in, but as they head back to the church they see that it has caught fire. A group of schoolchildren is there on a field trip, and a few of the children remain locked inside the burning church. Pony and Johnny break the window and rescue the children as the fire spreads. Pony is able to climb back out, but Johnny is hit with a piece of falling timber and burned severely. The boys are written up as heroes in the newspaper, even though they are still wanted for murder. Johnny is badly injured and will never walk again, if he lives. Meanwhile the Greasers are scheduled to fight the Socs. The Greasers win the fight, and Dally and Pony go to the hospital to tell Johnny the good news. He dies during their visit. Dally runs off heatedly, and later calls Ponys house to say that he has robbed a store and is being chased by the police. They go to meet him, but watch him pull a gun on the cops and fall back and die as they fire at him. .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .postImageUrl , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:hover , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:visited , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:active { border:0!important; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:active , .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789 .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54bbe1dd4a90e664bde3b9808b8e5789:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of Western Music EssayPony moves on with his life, after being acquitted in the Socs murder case. He is never the same, however, and the memories of past events still haunt him. Finally, as an assignment for English class, he writes down the story of what happened. The Outsiders is a story of rebellion, youth, and heroism. It focuses on an endless, senseless conflict between two groups of young people and the problems that result. Its main character, Ponyboy, watches his world slowly fall apart as the battle between the groups rages around him. The use of a first-person narrator gives the reader a sense of belonging to the greasers, encouraging sympathy for their struggle. Ponyboy is a strong, sensitive, intelligent young person who cares very deeply about his friends and brothers. He often faces danger, and what he wants most is a sense of security and stability. Instead, events spiral towards an inevitable tragedy, and Ponyboy must accept his own powerlessness. The Greasers are young men who refuse to accept the subordinate position that society has given them. The Socs mock the Greasers and the adults in town overlook them: rather than accept their status and live in peace with the wealthier citizens of town, the Greasers seek respect and rebellion. They are proud, strong-willed people who know they deserve better. The result is a life of constant conflict and ever-present danger. At the end of The Outsiders, Pony is transformed from greaser into a writer. He learns to express his resentment and anger through more creative means, no longer resorting to violence. He is able to share his story with an authority figure, his English teacher, who does not belong to his crowd. The universal message of The Outsiders is that peace can come through understanding, communication, and a willingness to move beyond violence to resolve conflicts. Bibliography:

Celebration Of The Lizard Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

Celebration Of The Lizard "Celebration of the lizard" by James Douglas Morrison is a helpless labyrinth of insanity. The poem is a murder that results in insanity. The speaker is the murderously insane madman. In this outrageous maze, the poet is running from his chaotic problems. In the first three stanzas, it starts out as a bad dream that eventually causes the speaker to drive himself to a temporary insanity. During his state of temporary insanity, he murders a man out of jealousy that he cannot control. After the murder, he runs to a hideout on a hill far away. He describes the hideout as a mansion to give you the picture in your mind of how appreciative he is to have a place to hide. The journey is a long and monotonous one but ends in the disappointment of having to turn back. In the last stanza he announces, "Tomorrow we enter the town of my birth, I want to be ready". In this poem, James Morrison is taking you with him on a frantic, frightening roller coaster. The poet's tone is dark and eerie. The dream in the beginning becomes a reality, which is an example of foreshadowing. When he describes the mansion on the hill, it puts a picture in your mind, which is an excellent example of alliteration. This poem is interesting and frustrating at first because it makes you think about every phrase. To read it requires keeping an open mind because there are a lot of metaphors. I had to read it over 20 times just to get a vague understanding. Please do not let the length and metaphorical contents of this poem discourage you from reading this intriguing poem. This is definitely a poem that you will not find in a schoolbook. If you like this poem, I recommend that you read the work of other dark poets such as Edgar Allen Poe.

Definition and Examples of Synchronic Linguistics

Definition and Examples of Synchronic Linguistics Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular period (usually the present). It is also known as  descriptive linguistics or general linguistics. Key Takeaways: Synchronistic Linguistics Synchronistic linguistics is the study of a language at a particular time.In contrast, diachronic linguistics studies the development of a language over time.Synchronistic linguistics is often descriptive, analyzing how the parts of a language or grammar work together. For example: A  synchronic  study of language is a comparison of languages or  dialects- various spoken differences of the same language- used within some defined spatial region and during the same period of time, wrote Colleen Elaine Donnelly in Linguistics for Writers. Determining the regions of the United States in which people currently say pop rather than soda and idea rather than idear are examples of the types of inquiries pertinent to a synchronic study.State University of New York Press, 1994 Synchronistic views look at a language as if its static and not changing. Languages continually evolve, though its slow enough that people dont notice it much while its happening. The term was coined by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. That for which he is now most known was just a portion of his contributions to academia; his specialty was the analysis of Indo-European languages, and his work generally studied languages over time, or diachronic (historical) linguistics. Synchronic vs. Diachronic Approaches Synchronic linguistics is one of the two main temporal dimensions of language study introduced by Saussure in his  Course in General Linguistics (1916). The other is diachronic linguistics, which is the study of language through periods of time in history. The first looks at a snapshot of a language, and the other studies its evolution (like a frame of film vs. a movie). For example, analyzing the word order in a sentence in Old English only would be a study in synchronistic linguistics. If you looked at how word order changed in a sentence from Old English to Middle English and now to modern English, that would be a diachronic study. Say you need to analyze how historical events affected a language. If you look at when the Normans conquered England in 1066 and brought with them a lot of new words to be injected into English, a diachronic look could analyze what new words were adopted, which ones fell out of use, and how long that process took for select words. A synchronic study might look at the language at different points before the Normans or after. Note how you need a longer time period for the diachronic study than the synchronic one. Consider this example: When people had more opportunities to change their social class in the 1600s, they started using the words thee and thou less often. If they didnt know the social class of the person they were addressing, theyd use the formal pronoun you to be safely polite, leading to the demise of thee and thou in English. This would be a diachronic look. A description of the words and how they were used at the time in comparison to the pronoun you would be a synchronic description. Before Saussure, it was considered that the only true scientific study of a language could be diachronic, but both approaches are useful. In the third edition of Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction, the authors explain the types of historical linguistics:   As it is necessary to know how a system works at any given time before one can hope to understand changes, the analysis of language at a single point in time, i.e. synchronic linguistics, now usually precedes the study in terms of diachronic linguistics. (Paul Georg Meyer et al.,  Gunter Nar Verlag, 2005) Synchronic studies look at what associates with what (how parts interact) at any given time. Diachronic studies look at what causes what and how things change over time. Examples of Synchronic Study Synchronic linguistics is descriptive linguistics, such as the study of how parts of a language (morphs or morphemes) combine to form words and phrases and how proper syntax gives a sentence meaning. In the 20th century the search for a universal grammar, that which is instinctive in humans and gives them the ability to pick up their native language as an infant, is a synchronic area of study. Studies of dead languages can be synchronic, as by definition they are no longer spoken (no native or fluent speakers) nor evolving and are frozen in time.

AM, FMC, PBC and DU DUH Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AM, FMC, PBC and DU DUH Paper - Essay Example Pitney chose to be proactive in identifying the hot spots by providing a help line to his employees to call anytime when they notice colleagues showing stranger behaviors. The corporation trains its managers to identify the not so obvious signs of distress from employees and help them. Pitney incorporates the services of a company physician and refers employees to counselors for help. Duke University changed its crisis management strategies by telling the truth within the shortest possible time and regularly communicated with its stakeholders and the public on the progress till the end of case. Its president also took personal leadership of an incident by immediately apologizing to the public and focusing into the future. In leadership communication, the leader believes in sharing all information with employees at all levels in order to run the organization smoothly and make everyone feel like they are being lead rather than drifting. It tries to eliminate communication barriers within the organization to allow for smooth flow of information. Leadership communication allows the following: On the other hand, conventional management communication believes that the leader is always right and the decision he or she makes is final. It does not encourage contribution of ideas from employees when it comes to decision making in the organization. Employees working in such an environment usually operate under a lot of fear. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people while discussion is an in-depth interactive communication on a particular topic with an aim of exploring solutions. The other day, I had a conversation with my mother on the issue of dating while still in school. As a student, I am in a discussion group with four of my classmates where we study different academic topics together. In 2009 when General Motors, a US auto company

Please see instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Please see instruction - Essay Example The author, McKinley did not do the piece just fully as required right from the title of the story for he put it as if the raped child was in the town (Roxane). He focused so much on the town and the men while forgetting who the victim was in this situation. Considering what happened, the mainly affected person was the little girl but not the men who executed that horrifying act (Roxane). In the articles, focus is on the lives of men and the town rather than our victim who suffered the worst. He quotes some responses residents of the town were relaying of how the little girl dressed like a 20-year old woman and how the mother would let her leave home to go to various quarters all alone. He also states how the men’s lives would change because they would miss school. All this tries to imply that the little child brought all on herself through her conduct so the whole story is understandable in a way (Roxane). In the article there were questions raised on where the mother was when her little girl was raped because it is believed that she should be with her child at all times. This means that incase anything bad happens, she is to blame herself for not being responsible. The author shows a sense of chauvinism because he attacked the victim’s mother but never bothered to question the father too (Roxane). The article would be better if the author would not involve the defense of the men who did it because what he did is trying to justify their actions. Since he is reporting on what happened it should focus on the victim more and how the victim found help, through justice and her healing process. The gender of the authors too brought difference in the two articles. The Times newspaper reporter wrote the article focusing so much on the defense of the boys; trying to blame the mother for being irresponsible to the victim. He does not mention the victim’s father because he too must be responsible as much as the mother should be; they are all the parents to the

Impact of Teleworking on Innovation

Impact of Teleworking on Innovation This study seeks to explore the relationship between high-tech firms, innovation, and the teleworking trend. Specifically, an examination of the high-technology sector in the UK is provided, followed by explanations of teleworking, innovation, and high-tech firms as they relate to the scope and focus of this study.   The above is based on published findings of empirical research and published reports.   This study then considers how teleworking has impacted innovation at the Intel Corporation, a leading manufacturer of semiconductors who allows employees in certain positions to telework part or all of their workweek.   Innovation and impact are considered at an overall corporate level, rather than at an individual level. Findings of this research indicate that teleworking one to two dayseach week has no discernibly negative impact on innovation, and mayactually enhance innovation, provided systems to encourage andfacilitate innovation are in place.   Implications for organisationsentering the teleworking arena and the sector as a whole are followed by recommendations for high-tech companies and for future research. Teleworking is a cultural trend in much of Europe and the Americas.   While it provides many plusses and a few minuses to theindividual teleworkers, its impact on organisations and particularlyinnovation at those organisations has not been sufficiently explored.  This study seeks to consider the impact teleworking has onorganisations, specifically high-technology organisations, and theirability to generate, initiate, and implement innovative products,processes and administrative ideas. A review of previously published findings related to teleworking,innovation, and high-technology is provided, covering these topics ingeneral.   The focus of the study then narrows, addressing organisationsthat both use and produce high-tech products or services, and finallyconcentrating on innovation in the computer hardware and softwaresector.   Ideas and conclusions from these studies are then combinedwith information from Intel Corporation, a leading manufacturer ofsemi-conductors and similar computer products, to analyse the specificimpact of teleworking at Intel.   It is hoped the conclusions drawn from Intel’s experiences will beuseful to other high-tech firms practicing or considering teleworking,as well as encourage others to pursue related research. High-technology has evolved in the past thirty years from something outof a science fiction novel to part of the average Britain’s everydaylife.   The UK contributes over 5% of the world’s research anddevelopment, although it has less than one percent of the world’spopulation.  Ã‚   The UK additionally has the larges software and computerservices sector in the EU, and a significant semiconductor industry(Anon 2005).   From Bristol, at the end of the M4 hi-tech corridor, toSheffield, where software has replaced steel, to the hi-tech centres inCambridge and Hertfordshire, high-tech is replacing and revitalisingthe declining UK industrial sector. It is important to note that the high-tech sector differs in severaldistinct ways from other sectors of the economy.   First, the speed atwhich technology changes is simply unmatched in other productionsectors.   This requires not only constant innovation in product, butconstant innovation in the process and administrative arenas as well(Edquist 2003).   Property rights considerations have starkly differentapplications in high-tech organisations.   If companies wait until theirnew ideas were licensed or patented before progressing into production,the market will likely pass by them and their product before it evenmoves into sale (Cohan 1997).   High-tech organisations are also morelikely to share information and partner on products, particularly intheir non-core technologies, and share the profits with another firmrather than miss a market entirely (Edquist 2003). The local high-technology sector differs in some ways from that inother countries.   The UK has historically lagged behind the UnitedStates and Japan in its ability to move a product from idea toproduction in the high-tech arena.   UK firms, unless part of aninternational company who mandates certain practices, have not made asmuch effort to design intra-organisational systems to encourageinnovation (Surrey 2004).   In a study by the University of Surrey,Ellie Runcie stated that after studying UK and U.S. high-tech firms,she found UK organisations have â€Å"often no discussion at all is made ofthe role of user research in innovation† (Surrey 2004).   This is aconcern regarding the UK high-tech sector that needs to be considered. The UK also has a lower per-capital computer literacy and computer use,particularly in the home sector, than most other high-tech nations.   Ona more positive note, the UK government has launched a campaign toincrease computer literacy and home computer use.   Intel, BT, andMicrosoft are the three major organisations working with the OeE, DTIand DfES on this campaign (Intel 2004). One of these leaders from the high-technology sector, the IntelCorporation, will be considered in greater detail.   Although aU.S.-headquartered firm, Intel has facilities in several places in theUK, as well as worldwide.   Intel is a major manufacturer ofsemi-conductors and computer processors, and will be used as an examplein this research of how teleworking can contribute to innovation in thehigh-tech environment. As this study considers the topics of teleworking, innovation, andhigh-technology, it was felt necessary to define and set parameters foreach.   The following literature is considered in the scope of thisresearch, with specific delineations of the three main study componentsoutlined in detail.   We have recently entered an important new phase in the ongoinginformation technology revolution. It is difficult to pick up abusiness magazine or newspaper today without reading about anorganisation offering teleworking and virtual offices for remoteworkers. There has been fair media coverage in how companies haveembraced the idea of teleworking, including the likes of ATT,Ernst and Young and IBM.   A monthly magazine is even devoted toâ€Å"today’s flexible workplace,† Telecommute, published by the nationaltrade organisation, the International Telecommuting Advisory Council(ITAC). Part of a general trend towards remote work, teleworking is a naturalresult of the information revolution, fuelled by the growth ofknowledge work and the rapid advance in technology.   The trend isconsistent with predictions made by futurist Alvin Toffler in his 1980book The Third Wave, that the location of work would outgrow typicalsites such as offices or factories, and begin to take place in alllocations. Teleworking is especially becoming popular in high-technologyorganisations.   During my work placement at Intel Corporation, I wasalso exposed to various team members teleworking from home one to twodays per week. While this trend is popular with employees, it behovestoday’s high-technology company to consider the impact of teleworkingon innovation.   This sector of the business environment is particularlydependent on innovation to remain viable, and it is important,therefore, that the initiation and implementation of innovation not besacrificed to worker preference. Examination of various sources reveals a lack of consensus as to thedefinition of teleworking, or as it is sometimes called,telecommuting.   ‘Teleworking’ is more common in European literature,while ‘telecommuting’ is more common in but not limited to Americanliterature.   Unfortunately, this lack of a universally accepteddefinition of teleworking causes problems academically; as either termcan be used to mean ‘home-working’, ‘working-at-a-distance’, ‘off-siteworkers’, or ‘remote-workers,’ it hinders the ability to comparefindings from different sources. Therefore, it is necessary to chooseand define a single term before proceeding. The term ‘telework’ is generally preferred on this side of theAtlantic, and will be used here.   Huws, Korte, and Robinson (1990)define telework as work â€Å"which is independent of the location of theemployer or contractor and can be changed according to the wishes ofthe individual teleworkers and/or the organisation for which he or sheis working† (10).   Olson (1988) argues, â€Å"the term telework is used torefer to organisational work performed outside of the normalorganisational confines of space and time, augmented by computer andcommunications technology. The work is not necessarily performed in thehome (77).   The EU holds that ‘telework’ â€Å"covers a range of new ways ofworking, using the telecommunications as a tool and, for at least partof the time, outside a traditional office environment (EuropeanCommission, 1996, 11).   Jack Nilles defined telecommuting as â€Å"an arrangement that entailsworking outside the conventional w orkplace and communication by way oftelecommunications or computer-based technology (Bailey and Kurkland,2000).   According to The American Telecommuting Association, 2002,telecommuting is â€Å" replacing or supplementing physical travel to theoffice by using modern telecommunications equipment to bring officeresources to the employee. While computers serve to augmenttelecommuting, it is possible to telecommute with only paper, penciland telephone.† Distilling the above into a workable definition, important elements of telework for the purpose of this study include: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the person doing the telework is an employee of the organisation for which she or he works à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   computers and communication technology are used à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   it is not necessarily performed in the home, but does occur outside a traditional office environment Telework is therefore defined as any substantial part of an employee’swork performed by employees that is physically separated from thelocation of their employer using information technology (IT) foroperation and communication.  Ã‚   Three groups are affected by teleworking:   the employers ororganisations, the individual teleworkers, and society as a whole.  Benefits and drawbacks to individual teleworkers vary greatly fromperson to person, and are difficult to evaluate.   Benefits to societyare primarily environmental, as reduced commuting decreases pollutionand reduces transportation-related injury.   This study will thereforefocus on the affect of teleworking on the employer or organisation.  Areas of benefit include increased productivity and financialadvantages.   Drawbacks security concerns, management issues, andreduction in interaction and exchanged of ideas.   Each of thesebenefits and drawbacks will have impact on innovation inhigh-technology environments. INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY According to The American Telecommuting Association, various surveyshave documented teleworking employees’ productivity gains of up to 60%(1992).   They claim that extra productivity is consistently clocked at10-15% in nearly every study in the past two decades.   The SocialMarket Foundation (2004) argues that teleworking can increaseproductivity by up to 30%. They further claim that the more than twomillion UK workers now regularly telecommute with employees use thetime saved from commuting and meetings for extra work.   Huws (1992),Salmon and Shamir (1985), Caudron (1992), and Metzger and Von Glinow(1998) all report indications of improved productivity, reliability andwork quality among teleworkers. The increase in employee productivity resulted from teleworking isalso supported by G. E. Gordon, who claims there are a variety ofreasons for increased productivity in employees who telework.   Theseinclude decreased time spent commuting to work, fewer distractions inthe workplace, and giving telecommuters the opportunity to better matchtheir work times with their peak productive periods.   He notes thatproductivity gains ranging from 15-30% are common with such programs(Gordon 1986). Employee motivation is another cited reason for improved productivity.  Employees perceive being the ability to telework as an indication thattheir employers have sufficient trust and faith in them to workindependently.   It could also be argued that teleworkers in fact workharder than non-teleworking employees as they feel the need to prove totheir office peers that they are not indolent as a result of working athome without supervision. Teleworkers may also feel the need to workharder to achieve promotions (). However, various theorists argue that some employees find that becausethey have their work resources at home, they tend to work more. Thiscould interfere with family life.   In addition, telework can be viewedas an intrusion of the workplace in the home. The office at home is aconstant reminder of work.   There is the real problem of definingconcrete working hours when the distraction of home life is a constantpresence.   Working hours and social versus home time can becomeblurred.   Another form of intrusion is when family members or socialinterruptions constantly disrupt teleworkers from completing work.  This may add extra pressures and stress.   Teleworking employees whoexperience such disruption and time management issues may actually havedecreased motivation and productivity due to these outside factors.  Therefore, it is important that employees exercising their option totelework draw strong boundaries that will enable them to workeffectively.   Guidance from t he organisation and possiblity sometraining in effective teleworking should be included by an organisationemploying teleworkers. Smith (1997) suggests telecommuting reduces absenteeism amongstemployees.   For example, employees who may feel too ill to complete afull day and commute, may be well enough to work a partial day.  Individuals are more likely to continue working even when feelingunwell due to being in a more comfortable and relaxed work environment,i.e. their home.   Smith counters that teleworkers often havedifficulty, especially at first, with separating home and work time.  This increases if children are in the teleworking location, most likelythe home.   However, adjustments are usually successful in the long term. Further, the Bureau of Labour Statistics reports that businessproductivity, the measure or output per work hour, has risen 2.8% since1998.   This correlates positively and directly with an increase inteleworking. Teleworking has been perhaps, therefore, most effective inincreasing productivity. Clearly, these human resource managers are very satisfied with theirprograms a nd believe their telecommuters are satisfied as well.   Ifhalf of the firms included in the above research are reporting morework done at a better quality in comparison to the traditional workforce, there must be considerable merit to teleworking increasingproductivity. FINANCIAL SAVINGS Teleworking can also save firms money in a number of ways.   It providesthe employer with an expanded pool of potential employees. The skillsof employees with commuting difficulties, childcare conflict,disabilities and geographical barriers employees are all made availableto the employer who adopts the telecommuting practice.   Smith (1997)supports this, claiming teleworking offers attractive workingconditions, which aid in the recruitment and retention of skilledemployees and help to reduce voluntary separation of key employees.  This represents considerable savings to the employer in terms ofreduced hiring and training costs. Reduced overhead is another financial benefit.   Teleworking reducestime and travel costs for meetings, conferences and training thusminimising organisational overheads.   Individual teleworkers alsobenefit from reduced costs in transportation, clothing, childcare, andreduced absenteeism.   Teleworking can also help firms remain in the same location and avoidfuture relocation to larger premises.   This particular cost saving ishighly remunerative due to the increasing real estate prices in urbanareas today and the substantial cost savings in office space.   Peoplewho telework do not use office space and do not create overheads.   Evenin case of part-time teleworking space savings are generated.   This isevident at IBM, who is expected to save between 15 to 20 percent inspace requirements by taking away the desks of more than five thousandof its employees and telling them to work at home, in their car, or attheir clients’ offices (Swinton 2002). The claim that teleworking reduces organisational overheads is alsosupported by BT who introduced its â€Å"Workstyle 2000 flexible working†programme ten years ago.   The claim that the programme has saved them134m as a result of teleworking practices.   This includes reducing thenumber of employee desks in London from 10,000 to 3,000, saving  £6,000per desk per year.   There has also been a five% reduction in companycar mileage, resulting in fuel savings of  £9.7m this year alone.   BTalso reports a 20% increase in productivity and that 75% of alltelephone conferences are replacements of face-to-face meetings. Opponents of teleworking argue there are often some initial increasedcosts due to outfitting the teleworkers and making adjustments tocompany computers to accommodate them.   Ford (1995) claims thattelecommuting programs lead to extra costs. He claims that extra coststypically involve additional equipment requirements and funding theprovision of human reso urce services, training, fringe benefits, andrelocating. He continued to argue that the question of cost alsoincludes the equipment and space costs associated with telecommutingprogram and that telephones and electronic equipment cost more fortelecommuters than for traditional workers. It is important that hardware and software provided to teleworkersstarts out and remains uniform because this simplifies supportimmensely.   The required initial investment and length of time forpayback will vary sharply from company to company, however, with themost technologically advanced incurring the least upfront costs.   Giventhat high-tech firms are those under consideration in this study andthey have the most access to the latest and most efficient technology,it then follows that these expenditures do not detract from the savingsfor high-tech firms adopting or practicing teleworking. Additionally, many companies report current pressures on their supportdesk and according to Classe (2000) this will intensify by theintroduction of a remote workforce.   As teleworkers usually worknon-standards hours, longer hours of support cover may be required,which will confer additional associated costs to the employer.   Thecost factor for such support spread across a larger high-t ech companywill have little impact; the same costs spread across a smaller companymay be significant and should be considered a potential drain onresources that could support innovation implementation. SECURITY Security is a major concern for high-tech companies with teleworkingemployees.   Confidential information must be accessible to theteleworkers remotely, information that may range from a product indevelopment to a change in production methods to sensitive profiles offuture customer bases.   This makes the same information more accessibleto hackers and competitors; it is highly unlikely a company couldafford or an employee would want equal security measures on theirprofessional facilities and residences.   In addition, information used and generated by teleworkers willtypically be uploaded to a server for accessibility.   Others within thecompany then have increased chance of access, compromisingintra-company security. Eric von Hippel, however, in his study of knowledge location andinnovation solving, noted â€Å"conducting innovation-related problemsolving at remote sites need not compromise an innovator’s ability toprotect commercially important secrets† (1994).   While greaterpotential for security breaches exist, this in no way indicatessecurity need be compromised by teleworkers. MANAGEMENT One of the biggest problems for managers and staff involved withtelework is measuring and monitoring the work done by employees.Management recognise that it is easier to monitor the level of workdone by employees when they are in the office and managers often worrythat their staff will not work as hard from home.   Teleworking presentspotential issues with the ability to discipline telecommutingemployees, provide a career path, and provide promotionalopportunities.   Those in supervisory positions often see difficultiesin relation to mangers’ human resource management responsibilities(Werdigier and Neibuhr 2002). Ford (1995) also raisies the issue of the telecommutting impact on thesupervisors span of control.   Due to the workers being so spread out,Ford claims that many companies will be forced to reduce the averagespan of supervisory and will not have sufficent control to accommodatethe unique problems of telecommuters.   Ford suggests that another majoraspect of th e supervisory issue is the ability of the manager tocontrol distractions in the work setting and to ensure that theemployee does not become displaced from the informal help and adviceavailable through interaction with a work group. Clearly, managers of such programs need to be trained in remotesupervision.   In addition, they should recognise the possibility thattheir teleworking employees may not have adequate access to training,career and promotional opportunities.   More importantly, theseemployees may miss the informal information sharing that occurs in atraditional work environment.   This will be shown to have a significantimpact on innovation.    REDUCED SOCIAL INTERACTION AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE Social isolation seems to be mostly acknowledged by scholars as themost significant potential or actual drawback of teleworking.  Ã‚   Whilesome employees welcome the new freedom that comes with lesssupervision, others say they miss the camaraderie and socialinteraction that comes with face-to-face office operations.   However,this usually depends on the professional level of the employee.   Smith(1997) argues that the higher the level, then the more electroniccontacts and networks; hence, less social isolation is experienced. Video conferencing could help ease the psychological trauma that comeswith social isolation, allowing multiple numbers of people to converseand perform work together in an electronic version of face-to-facecommunication.   This may allow teleworkers to increase the humanemotion and communicational flexibility often lacking in electroniccommunication.   Social isolation also implies that for teleworkersthere is minimal peer availability for informal work relateddiscussions as one might get, for example, in a staff cafeteria atlunch times. In addition, teleworkers may lack the political connections and cloutto get innovations approved or funded.   With reduced opportunities tobuild relationships on the job, they are forced to propose or supportinnovation solely on the merits of the proposal (Werdigier and Neibuhr2002).   While this theoretically could be a positive result ofteleworking, in practice it reduces the chance of innovative input fromteleworkers being initiated or implemented. DECREASED KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE It could similarly be argued that the largest detraction of teleworkingon innovation in high-technology organisations is the reduction ofknowledge exchange from employee interaction.   Informal and proximitylearning is an ongoing opportunity for training in the traditionaloffice environment not available to teleworkers.   If both are in thesame location, an inexperienced worker can observe another moreexperienced worker and learn from this observation.   This is asignificant training tool for office-based or facility-based workersand one of the main ways knowledge is acquired and exchanged in anorganisation (Classe 2000). CASE STUDY BT The various benefits of telecommuting to the employer can be supportedby the findings of a study conducted amongst 2000 BT employees (2002).  The study revealed that enabling staff to work from home resulted inincreased company productivity and better employee health and qualityof life.   BT claimed that telecommuting saved them  £35m a year inaccommodation, recruitment costs and absenteeism and that teleworkerswere four times less likely to take sick days, averaging three days offa year compared with twelve for office-based staff. The study also revealed that almost 80% of teleworkers claimed to bemore productive thanks to reduced disruption, commuting time andstress, and greater flexibility about when and where to work.  According to Alison Garner, marketing manager for social responsibilityat BT making staff feel part of the BT community was key to theschemes success. Although a small number of teleworkers complain about increased workinghours, four out of five survey respondents claimed that teleworking isimportant or very important for their quality of life.   Almostthree-quarters described their work/life balance as good or verygood.   BT also maintained that its teleworking policies paid off interms of staff recruitment and retention. CASE STUDY – THE SUSTEL PROJECT The Sustel Project, created in 2002 by the EUs Information SocietyTechnologies programme, found that telework increases businessresilience since it allows work to be done when building operations aredisrupted by factors such as the weather. The Project also showed that the influence of telework on human capitaldevelopment, the personal competencies and skills needed to createwealth, was mostly positive.   Seven of the studies found that teleworkhad a significantly positive effect on internal communication andknowledge sharing, often due to the conscious implementation oftechnological tools during telework program deployment.   At theindividual level, the main financial benefit of telework was reducedcommuting costs, which almost all respondents saw as being greater thanthe increased cost of energy in their home. BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS – CONCLUSION At the present time there is a lot of controversy in both academic andpractitioner literatures with respect to how telecommuting affectsorganisation employees.   At one extreme, telecommuting is considered aflexible work arrangement that will solve a multitude of problems.   Atthe other extreme, authors have implicated telecommuting causing anumber of negative consequences including loneliness, isolation,exploitation and increased stress.   While there are a legitimate numberof potentially negative effects of telework, these effects can beminimized by proper program management. A balanced view is presented from Baruch and Nicholson (1997) andGoodrich (1990) who claim that the best output from telecommuting isachieved if it is conducted on a part-time basis. They argue,teleworking on a part-time basis can prevent or significantly reducethe social isolation of teleworkers. There are a number of benefits and drawbacks that should be consideredspecifically by high-tech organisations implementing teleworkprogrammes.   From a broad organisational perspective, the positives ofsuch a programme seem to outweigh the negatives.   However, the twodrawbacks of teleworking with legitimate effect on innovation in thehigh-technology sector are reduced political influence, and knowledgeavailability and exchange.   As these have been identified as ofgreatest impact, these areas will be focused on in this study.   As with teleworking, there are a number of different proposeddefinitions of innovation.   One of the most complete is offered byDamanpour (1996), who defines innovation as â€Å"the adoption of an idea orbehaviour new to the adopting organisation,† which usually occurs as â€Å"aresponse to changes in the external environment or as a pre-emptiveaction to influence the environment† (694).   Innovation is â€Å"departingfrom existing norms and practices,† and â€Å"requires risk taking†(Damanpour 1996, 698).   Edquist (2003) defines innovation as â€Å"newcreations of economic significance, primarily carried out by firms†(2).   Depending on the researcher, innovation is held to require either twoor four steps to implementation.   In the four-step model, theinnovative idea is first discovered or created.   This usually happenswith one individual or a small number of individuals working as ateam.   The idea is then presented to and accept ed by a decision-makingleader or body.   Initial adoption of the innovative idea by theorganisation is the next step, with the company allocating someresources to the development of the idea, such as pilots or testcases.   Implementation occurs when the innovative idea reaches broadacceptance within the organisation and becomes part of its regularproduct, process, or routine (Styles and Goddard 2004).   The two-stepcombines the first three steps of the four-step model under oneheading, initiation (Damanpour 1996). There are three types of innovation:   product innovation, processinnovation and administrative innovation (Edquist 2003).   Allcompanies, and small firms in particular, are more likely to innovatein the product arena, where results are tangible and measurable.  Larger firms will also innovate in process areas.   However, processinnovation is more difficult to implement than product, as it requireschange across multiple systems.   Administration innovation occurs mostfrequently in large, structurally complex companies, as it requires themost widespread changes to the organisation (Damanpour 1996).  Ã‚   Innovation within these three areas can be radical or incremental.  Radical innovation â€Å"produces fundamental changes in the activities ofthe organisation and represent a large departure from existingpractices† (Damanpour 1996, 699).   Radial innovation requires a largerknowledge base and free resources.   Incremental innovation is adoptedmore slowly, and produces less pronounced changes to organisationalsystems and activities. Innovation, therefore, is defined in this study as a change in theproduct, process or administration of an organisation; a new idea thatdeparts from existing norms and practices to respond to the firm’scurrent or future environment.   Innovation implementation requires knowledge, creativity, politicalsupport (within the organisation), and adequate resources.   Increasingany of the above or making the systems that control them moreeffective, therefore, has a positive effect on innovation.   Asinnovation requires both change and risk, companies will only undertakeinnovation if it is perceived as necessary to their survival or can beshown to have financial incentives.   Recognizing the forces driving the organisation to innovate isimportant.   For example, environmental uncertainty and environmentalcomplexity both contribute to increased innovation.   Uncertainty aboutthe future leads directly to a concerted effort to increase knowledgebase and exchange.   This influx of information then leads to increasedinnovation (Damanpour 1996).   This is especially evident inhigh-technology firms, where a market leader product today may becompletely obsolete by next year.   Definite, articulated identificationof the need for and support of innovation within the organisationgreatly enhances the chance of implementation of an innovative idea. Similarly, development or adjusting organisational systems to encourageand support innovation increases the chance of innovative success.  Damanpour found that â€Å"large organisations can facilitate theimplementation of innovations by adopting more flexible structures andorganising themselves into smaller units† (1996, 700).   Creation ofinnovative ideas is more likely in complex organizations, where thereis a larger knowledge base and an increase in knowledge exchange(Damanpour 1996).  Ã‚   However, larger organisations are less likely tomove innovative ideas to implementation as they are typically moreformalized, with lower managerial incentive to innovation (Hitt,Hoskisson and Ireland 1990).   An example of this is IBM, which made a sy

Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutritio Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient

This section gives a description of the most commonly used monitors for tolerance to the entral nutrition. It likewise discusses the pertinent data that are important to the practice. The tolerance for EN of all patients must be monitored and all inappropriate cessation of the EN must be avoided at all cost. However, there are a number of factors that may affect the delivery of EN.There is a tendency for health care providers who prescribe the formulation to under-order calories and as such, there are patients who only receive approximately 80% of what they deserve. The combination of under-ordering and inadequate delivery that results in the patients receiving only half of the target goal calories.It is a fact that the intolerance accounts for approximately one-third of the time of cessation. There are also other reasons for cessation like the remaining NPO after midnight for the diagnostic tests and the procedures in another third of the patients.Using enteral feeding protocols inc reases all percentage of goal calories provided and must be implemented. In the same way, all the patients that are placed on EN must be checked for risk of any aspiration. Aspiration is the most leading feared complications that EN can give to a patient.All people who are at risk for aspiration may be detected by several factors which includes the use of nasoentric and endotracheal tube and the mechanical ventilation. There are many complications that may arise due to the use of enteral tube feedings and one of the effects is diarrhea. The diarrhea that being suffered by the ICU patient who is receiving EN must be investigated immediately.E. Selection of Appropriate Enteral FormulationWhen it comes to selecting the proper enteral formulation for the critically ill patient, the one in charge must first ascertain if the patient is one of the candidates for the specialty immune-modulating formulation. Patients more likely to display a more favorable outcome who would be a proper candi date for the use of ummune-modulating formulations include all people that are undergoing G1 surgery and trauma, and those that have head and neck cancer.Numerous data suggest that adding amounts of pharmaconutrients to the enteral formulations gives many further benefits on the outcome of the patients rather than using the standard formula alone.   It is unfortunate though that there are a few studies that have discussed the effects of individual pharmaconutrients and their dosage. This literature was criticized greatly for the heterogeneity of the studies that are performed in a great range of ICU patient populations.The multiple enteral formulations are said to be immune-modulating, but they considerable cange in their characteristics and the dosage of the individual components. There is no certainty as to whether or not the date from the studies that were published as well as their recommendations can be extracted in order to use the formulations that have not been evaluated i n a formal way.In order to receive the maximum therapeutic benefit from the immune-modulating formulations at about 50% to 60% of the goal energy requirements must be delivered. According to the studies, the benefit of EN as well as the added value of immune-modulating agents have an effect which is dose-dependent.Patients who have the worst cases of diarrhea may gain some benefit from the use of the soluble fiber-containing formula and a small portion of peptide semi-elemental formulation. The laboratory data, the theoretical concepts as well as the expert opinions that support the use of the peptide enteral formulations however, large protective trials are not available to make this one a strong recommendation.ReferencesMcClave, S., Martindale, R., Vanek, V., et., al. (2009). Guidelines for the Provision and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient. Journal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Parental and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN): Sage Publications, 33:277